The peppers being tested on Earth could be sent to space as early as next spring. Photo / Jessica Pettway, The New York Times
The peppers being tested on Earth could be sent to space as early as next spring. Photo / Jessica Pettway, The New York Times
Astronauts would probably have to grow some of their own food to survive a round trip to Mars. Could a crop of chiles be the gateway to the future?
Ham salad from a tube. Apricot cereal cubes. Thermostabilised Cheddar cheese spread.
These delicacies and more were packed inside Neil Armstrongand Buzz Aldrin's lunar lunchbox when Apollo 11 hurtled them into space 50 years ago, landing humankind on the moon for the first time.
A little unpalatable, perhaps, but it was enough to get them through their eight-day excursion in space.
The next time astronauts make a giant leap in space travel, it could be with a mission to Mars, making the question of nutrition a lot more difficult. The round-trip journey is expected to take up to three years, and the astronauts may have to grow some of their own food.
As the race to the red planet heats up — Nasa hopes to send humans to Mars by the 2030s, and a private rocket venture, SpaceX, is aiming for sooner — scientists are working on building a garden in space. The goal is to grow fresh produce to supplement packaged foods.
Nasa has harvested a variety of edible leafy greens, grown without earthly gravity or natural light. Soon, researchers plan to expand to a more difficult crop, Española improved chiles, in their quest to answer one of the most pressing questions of a Mars mission: How will astronauts get enough nutritious food to survive years in the unforgiving depths of space?
A sample of space food scheduled to be carried on the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. The package contains beef with vegetables. Photo / Getty Images
Scientists believe the project, if successful, could open the door to growing similar crops in space — think tomato plants and strawberries — and perhaps eventually to more advanced foods, like potatoes.
"This is the most complex crop we have done to date for food purposes," said Matthew W. Romeyn, who is leading the pepper experiment for Nasa.
The peppers are being tested on Earth, he said, and could be sent to space as early as next spring.
Scott Kelly, a retired astronaut who set an American record in 2016 when he returned after spending 340 days in space, said he received a shipment of fresh fruit and vegetables every few months while on the International Space Station. But that would not be possible on a trip to Mars.
"It's not like you can just run out to the store," he said. "To have fresh food, it helps with nutrition. It also helps with morale."
50 years of space food: from 'moisture bite' brownies to blueberry crumble
The first moon landing took place in the "tube and cube days" of space food, when a typical menu included items like peanut cubes, turkey and gravy wet packs and brownies that were described as an "intermediate moisture bite."
The beverage Tang also had a long association with spaceflight. Many people mistakenly believe Nasa invented it.
Today, about 200 food and drink items are available on the International Space Station, according to Stephanie Schierholz, a Nasa spokeswoman.
The food, which is much like camping food and has to be reheated or rehydrated with water, ranges from your basics, like cereal and eggs, to more complex dishes like chicken fajitas, macaroni and cheese and blueberry crumble. "Shrimp cocktail is a longtime popular dish," she said.
Fruits floated freely around Scott Kelly on the International Space Station in 2010. Photo / Nasa via The New York Times
Tortillas are also a staple, Schierholz said, because Nasa does not use bread in microgravity in order to avoid pesky crumbs.
While scientists use the space station as a test kitchen for long-term space travel, there is another necessity to consider: water.
The station uses a sophisticated water recycling system, which collects humidity, sweat and even urine and turns it into drinking water. (In 2008, a New York Times reporter was brave enough to test it: "How does distilled urine and sweat taste? Not bad, actually.")
Schierholz said the system would need to be smaller and to work more reliably on a mission to Mars, because there would be no option to send shipments of water from Earth. But the same ethos would hold true: "Yesterday's coffee," she said, "is tomorrow's coffee."
Lettuce, peppers and a garden in space
No matter how many options there are, packaged food alone would not be enough to fuel a mission to Mars.
Certain vitamins break down over time, leaving astronauts at risk of inadequate nutrition, said Gioia D. Massa, a scientist who works on space crop production for Nasa.
"We don't really have a food system that we are confident will be good for the entire duration of a Mars mission," she said. "We feel plants are a very good way to help solve that problem."
Scientists have experimented with growing plants on board the International Space Station for years. The Russians grew peas in the early 2000s, for example. More recently, Nasa harvested red romaine lettuce, which had been nurtured under the purplish, LED lighting of a special vegetable garden known simply as "Veggie."
NASA interns Jessica Scotten, left, and Ayla Grandpre watering plants in an environment simulator chamber at Kennedy Space Centre. Photo / Nasa via The New York Times
For a tasting in 2015, astronauts used extra virgin olive oil and balsamic vinegar to dress the leaves. "Kind of like arugula," Kelly said at the time.
Nasa has since grown other types of leafy greens, including Chinese cabbage and mizuna mustard.
The Española improved chile, a durable pepper native to New Mexico, represents the next frontier.
The peppers are, in many ways, the perfect test case: They are more difficult to grow than lettuces. They are a good source of vitamin C. And they pack a punch in spice, great for astronauts who have reduced senses of smell and taste in space.
Preparing for Mars
If this space gardening plan works, scientists say, it could help combat "menu fatigue" among astronauts, who typically lose weight while spending months in space.
Maintaining a garden could also serve as a hobby for crew members during monotonous months. "It's kind of like, why do people like flowers?" Kelly said. "When you are living in an environment that is very antiseptic or laboratory-like, or on Mars, it would be pretty devoid of life with the exception of you and your crewmates. Having something growing would have a positive psychological effect."
And it could also help the crew become more autonomous, in case something goes wrong.
"If the next supply ship from Earth doesn't land properly, can you do enough with your own systems already in place?" said Raymond M. Wheeler, a plant physiologist at Nasa.
If this new space gardening plan works, scientists say, it could help combat "menu fatigue" among astronauts, who typically lose weight in space. Photo / Jessica Pettway, The New York Times
So what might a menu for Mars look like one day?
It is a little soon to tell, but it would probably include a variety of packaged food, with fresh greens on the side.
"It might be having some lettuce on your cheeseburger," Massa said, "or having a handful of tomatoes to go in your hummus wrap."
