Measuring spending: New Zealand model
New Zealand uses a unique accounting system to record and control public spending. This accrual financial management system, while widely used in the private sector, has not been adopted by other countries for use in the government sector. As a consequence, New Zealand records and reports
its defence spending in a manner that is not directly comparable with other countries. The New Zealand method does provide perhaps the most accurate record of true public sector spending on defence of any country.
One feature of the accrual accounting regime is capital charge. Capital charge is a levy set at a rate by The Treasury on the value of all assets held by a department, currently at 11%. Capital charge recognises that a department's investment in capital does carry a cost that needs to be serviced through debt repayment charges. It also provides an incentive for departments to reduce their investment in capital investments such as equipment, land and buildings. Capital charge is recorded as expenditure and is not available to the department to spend, for instance, on new equipment, such as armoured vehicles, or to fund operating expenses, such as peacekeeping. Another unique feature of New Zealand's accrual accounting regime is the funding of capital acquisition from depreciation.
New Zealand's defence expenditure using this method is shown in Fig. 1.
Measuring spending: NATO model
New Zealand's unique approach to recording and reporting government spending makes the comparison of defence spending between different countries difficult.
The most widely used approach for measuring and comparing defence spending for different countries is the NATO model. The NATO model is used by the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London in its respected Military Balance. The Military Balance records defence spending for all states and is generally regarded as the international benchmark. Its approach was recently adopted by New Zealand's Parliamentary Select Committee of Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade in its Interim Report into Defence Beyond 2000.
The NATO model measures military expenditure in cash outlays for operating, procurement and construction, and research and development. The NATO accounting model does not record capital charge. The NATO definition includes the cost of pensions for serving personnel, as does the New Zealand model. Neither model includes the cost of pensions for veterans. This $50 million cost is too small to distort statistics. NZ's defence expenditure using the NATO model is shown in Fig. 2.
Defence spending: small democracies
One technique for measuring defence spending is to compare a state's expenditure against that of others. Fig. 3 shows New Zealand's defence spending in comparison with other small democracies (using the NATO method for calculating expenditure). The information used in this table (for states other than New Zealand) is derived from the IISS
Military Balance 1998/99
.
Asia-Pacific defence spending
Fig. 4 shows New Zealand's defence spending in comparison with states of its region: the Asia-Pacific. This table also uses the NATO method for calculating expenditure and is derived from the IISS Military Balance.
Who gets what from the New Zealand defence budget
The New Zealand single services (Royal New Zealand Navy, New Zealand Army and Royal New Zealand Air Force) are allocated similar but not equal shares of the defence pie.
Service resource allocation
The single services allocate their budgets in different ways. In the period 1991/92 - 1998/99, the RNZN spent $1,118 million of capital, the New Zealand Army $136 million and the RNZAF $513 million.
Each service allocates a different proportion of its budget to personnel. The New Zealand Army allocated $1,717 million from 1991/92 to 1998/99, the RNZN allocated $951 million and the RNZAF $1,226 million during this period.