Parliament has passed a controversial law outlawing protests that interfere with or damage oil exploration vessels, leaving protesters liable for a fine of up to $100,000 for groups or $50,000 for an individual.
The new law also makes it an offence for people to get closer than 500 metres to a ship that is declared to have a "non-interference zone''. Entering the zone could result in a $10,000 fine.
The Crown Minerals (Permitting and Crown Land) Bill governs the permitting systems for mining and mineral exploration, and had been relatively non-controversial until Energy Minister Simon Bridges introduced a late amendment establishing the new offences after it had been considered by the commerce committee.
Opponents tonight described it as shifting the playing field further towards industry and away from the environment.
Mr Bridges said protests could impose significant costs on companies carrying out legitimate activities under permits and create very serious health and safety risks.