Christchurch quake: The facts

Map / GeoNet

This morning's magnitude 7.1 quake hit at 4.36am. It was at a depth of 10km and was centred 40km west of Christchurch.

Seismologist Dr Warwick Smith from earthquake monitoring system GeoNet told One News he believed this morning's earthquake was the biggest, in terms of effect, since 1931's devastating quake in the Hawkes Bay.

He said it was a "bullseye on a big city", meaning the damage was always going to be more severe than if it had occurred in a less populated area.

Dr Smith said to his knowledge there had been no indication the earthquake was about to hit.

"The problem has always been, with earthquake prediction, knowing what to look for."

Dr Smith said the aftershocks now being experienced in the Canterbury region were to be expected and could continue for several weeks.

However he said it was unlikely - though not impossible - there would be another large earthquake in the same area over the coming weeks.

Aftershocks

According to GeoNet, there have been 19 aftershocks since this morning's quake, including a magnitude 5.3 shock 20 minutes after the main quake and another at 11.12am:

4.56am: magnitude 5.3, 8km depth, centred 30km west of Christchurch

5.06am: magnitude 4.8, 15km depth, centred 30km west of Belfast

5.26am: magnitude 4.8, 5km depth, centred 30km west of Christchurch

5.46am: magnitude 4.3, 20km depth, centred 30km west of Christchurch

5.55am: magnitude 4.6, 5km depth, centred 30km west of Christchurch

6.01am: magnitude 4.6, 11km depth, centred 30km west of Christchurch

6.04am: magnitude 3.9, 60km depth, centred 10km south of Christchurch

6.23am: magnitude 4.3, 5km depth, centred 10km south of Darfield

6.33am: magnitude 4.3, 5km depth, centred 30km south of Christchurch

7.07am: magnitude 4.7, 25km depth, centred 30 km west of Christchurch

7.13am: magnitude 4.6, 9km depth, centred 20km north-west of Little River.

7.52am: magnitude 4.0, 5km depth, centred within 5km of Darfield

7.56am: magnitude 5.2, 7km depth, centred 20km west of Christchurch

8.15am: magnitude 4.7, 9km depth, centred 20km west of Christchurch

10.17am: magnitude 4.4, 5km depth, centred 30km south-west of Christchurch.

10.58am: magnitude 3.9, 5km depth, centred 20km west of Christchurch

11.12am: magnitude 5.3, 12km depth, centred 10km east of Darfield

11.52am: Magnitude 3.9, 5km depth, centred 20km west of Christchurch

12.18pm: Magnitude 4.0, 12km depth, centred 10km east of Darfield

Faultlines

Geologists say Canterbury is riddled with more earthquake-generating fault zones than previously thought - some as close as 20km to central Christchurch.

Canterbury University scientists have found there are about 100 fault lines and fault segments around the region, rather than the half-dozen active faults that were known about 20 years ago.

The closest faults to Christchurch capable of generating powerful quakes are in the Rangiora-Cust area, near Hororata, and near Darfield.

Some have been recognised between Darfield and Porters Pass, and the Hororata fault between Darfield and Sheffield can be seen on the land surface because of the warping of alluvial plains.

Canterbury University geological sciences department head Jarg Pettinga has said scientific advances in recent years have enabled the detection of many faults in Pegasus Bay, under the Canterbury Plains and through the foothills of north and central Canterbury.

The department's active tectonics and earthquake hazards research programme had gone from recognising half a dozen active faults to realising to knowing there are now 100 earthquake-source structures.

As an example, 20 years ago geologists knew about the active Porters Pass fault but had no knowledge of the timing of quakes it generated or their size. Now they know it last moved between 500 and 600 years ago and has ruptured six times in the past 9000 years, causing earthquakes of between 7.1 and 7.7 on the Richter scale.

Earthquakes generated by several active faults in the Rangiora-Cust area are estimated to have been about 6.8 or 6.9.

The university's initial research several years ago found that though Christchurch city was apparently outside the plate boundary zone, the deformation from movement of tectonic plates was happening right on its doorstep.

But the researchers said faults closest to the largest population centres appeared to have thousands of years between movements, rather than the hundreds of years of the much larger Alpine Fault and the Hope Fault.

Historic quakes

A 2006 earthquake hazard and risk assessment study carried out by Opus International Consultants Ltd for the Canterbury regional council listed historical quakes around Christchurch:

* 1869 Christchurch magnitude 5 (epicentre Addington)

* 1870 magnitude 5.5 (epicentre Lake Ellesmere)

* 1881 Castle Hill 6.0 magnitude (epicentre Cass)

* 1888 North Canterbury 7 - 7.3 magnitude (epicentre Hope Fault, west of Hanmer Springs)

* 1901 Cheviot 6.9 magnitude (epicentre Parnassus)

* 1922 Motunau 6.4 magnitude (epicentre Motunau/Scargill)

* 1929 Arthurs Pass 7.01 magnitude (epicentre Kakapo Fault at Arthurs Pass)

* 1929 Buller quake 7.8 magnitude

* 1994 Arthurs Pass 6.7 magnitude (epicentre Arthurs Pass).

- NZPA, NZ Herald staff