Staff at Christchurch Men's Prison are scouring cells in search of a weapon that could have been used to stab an inmate.
Police said the prisoner was taken to Christchurch Hospital with serious injuries after the assault about 9.30am yesterday.
Corrections Association president Beven Hanlon said three men had launched a pack attack on a lone prisoner.
Prison staff had one unit in lock-down and were trying to piece together what happened, he said.
Mr Hanlon said a string of violent attacks in prisons around the country were putting workers at risk.