Children have been known to improve their maths and literacy skills from watching "educational" shows such as Sesame Street.
When children watch educational programmes and interact with apps that promote learning, they make gains in literacy, numeracy and vocabulary. A recent article in Young Children, a publication of the National Association for the Education of Young Children (a nonprofit organisation that works to promote early learning), shows how children can gain several skills through experience with computers and handheld devices.
These devices can facilitate better language and literacy outcomes, such as letter recognition, listening, comprehension and vocabulary. When children play games that link letter sounds to written letters, it can increase their ability to hear and identify individual sounds - skills children need in order to read.
Researchers show that children learn from both print and digital picture books. Digital storybooks (e-books) that pair spoken word with pictures and print text can enhance vocabulary.
Apps that allow a "read-along" experience, for example, can help children develop a better understanding of concepts about stories and print. E-books that highlight words as they are read help young children learn that print is read from left to right in English.
Children learn from superheroes as well
But it is important to realise that it is not just "educational" television and media from which children learn. Children pick up ideas from television (even television not considered "educational") and use them to enhance literacy.
Researcher on early childhood learning Anne Haas Dyson found that 7- to 9-year-old children took the superheroes they watched on cartoons and brought them into their fiction writing and dramatic play.
Her research shows children, like adults, often use media and media characters as tools. With the help of their teacher, children brought their home life and interests into school to make their writing come to life.
Dyson's research demonstrates that when allowed, children use media - songs, characters from their favourite shows and movies - as a way to enhance their "school learning".
My own research demonstrates how preschool children take unlikely characters in popular television shows and movies and blend them together to create complex oral stories.
I spent nearly a year in a preschool to observe how 3- to 5-year-old preschoolers talked and thought about television, movies and handheld devices. These preschool children often talked about characters from a wide range of television shows and movies. For example, one preschooler I observed "borrowed" Disney Channel's Hannah Montana, a tween rockstar, as the protagonist in her tale. After introducing Hannah Montana, she brought Boots (the monkey from Dora the Explorer, a preschool cartoon) into her story. She spun a story in which Hannah Montana and Boots battled and ultimately defeated a villainous monster from a movie.
Preschoolers took ideas from shows such as Sesame Street, Mickey Mouse Clubhouse and cartoons featuring Spider-Man, Tinkerbell and Spongebob. Some combined these with shows that older family members watched such as action movies, professional wrestling and even monster movies.
Rather than repeating what they saw on television, they brought ideas from their own community to make new stories.
The stories children saw and the characters they knew from television also allowed them to relate to other children. Characters from Frozen and other popular culture characters can give children from diverse backgrounds a common (and exciting) topic in which to create play scenarios.
And this play involves negotiating and talking with other children about characters and plot, which in turn enhances oral language, itself a crucial aspect of literacy for young children.
How should adults monitor screen-time?
Although research shows the way in which children learn from media, there are also concerns about what children see on these screens.
Media is created from viewpoints that may not always be acceptable to parents and teachers. So what should adults do with all of the media content coming into their children's lives?
Research with preschoolers has shown that conversations allow a child to examine who is being shown in media and the way they are being shown. And it is important to note that children's view of these stereotypes often depends on their home lives and environments.
Adults also need to recognise that screen time is one way for children to learn. It is certainly not the only way. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that children should engage with entertainment media for no more than one or two hours per day. It is important for kids to spend time on outdoor play, reading, hobbies and using their imaginations in free play. Children need rich experiences in their lives and interactions with other people. Screens can't make up for this.
Children need a healthy balance. While we should be careful in flinging open the gates of media, we should be equally concerned about chaining them shut.
Allison Henward is Assistant Professor of early childhood education, University of Hawaii.
theconversation.com
