An estimated 352,698 children under the age of six were injured on slides in the United States from 2002 to 2015, and many of those injuries were leg fractures, according to the study.
In Britain an estimated 40,000 children every year are taken to A&E having been injured in a playground, with more than one in five cases caused by slides.
The lead author of the new research, Dr Charles Jennissen, from the University of Iowa, said: "Many parents and caregivers go down a slide with a young child on their lap without giving it a second thought."
The clinical professor and emergency children's doctor added: "In most cases I have seen, the parents had no idea that doing so could possibly give their child such a significant injury. They often say they would never have done it had they known."
The US researcher looked at injuries in more than 350,000 children under six on playground slides between 2002 and 2015.
The results showed toddlers aged 12 to 23 months, who are often taken on an adult's lap, are the largest age group hurt on slides.
More than a third of youngsters hurt on slides suffered a fracture, while 26 percent broke, cut or otherwise injured their leg.
However this figure leaped to 94 percent for leg injuries in children whose medical records showed they were sitting on someone's lap, with shinbone injuries particularly high.
The younger the child, the greater the chances they were on someone's lap when they were injured.
The study concludes: "The majority of injuries sustained on slides by infants and young toddlers are lower extremity fractures and sliding down on a parent's lap is the primary cause of these injuries."
In the UK, around a quarter of accidents on slides end in broken bones, according to figures produced for the Health and Safety Executive. A spokesman for the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents said: "This research presents some interesting findings and we're keen to find out if the UK has a similar injury pattern."
Dr Jennissen said the size and weight of adults plays a big role in the potential for injury.
A young child sliding alone does not generate enough force to break a bone if they snag their foot. But the force generated by the forward momentum of an adult with a child on their lap is much greater, and can easily do so.
Slide injuries in Britain have previously been shown mostly to come from children falling off them or their own behavior. This includes running into a slide, climbing up the chute or being pushed off the top by another child.
The figure of 40,000 children being injured in playgrounds is from 2002, when statistics were last recorded. However NHS Digital still collects data on hospital admissions in England from "falls involving playground equipment", with 8,000 children injured this way in 2014-15.
In a statement on the findings, RoSPA said: "A new system for collecting data will be rolled out nationally across A&E departments from next month and we're hopeful that this will provide some really useful information about how accidents are happening and the sorts of advice that could help to prevent them."
The US study, presented at the national conference of the American Academy of Pediatrics today, ends by recommending that "young children not go down a slide on another person's lap."
It adds: "Families should be counselled that if they elect to do so, extreme caution is necessary to avoid the child catching their foot on the slide surfaces."
