BMI report cards
Screening programmes weigh kids to identify those who are at risk of health problems associated with their fatness. This is generally based on BMI (body mass index), which measures weight in relation to height. The results of the screening — "BMI report cards" — are sent to parents, and sometimes to the kids and schools as well.
Screening programmes are rare in Australia, but are widely used in several US states, notably Arkansas and California.
The logic behind screening is that obesity is a health issue like ADHD or movement disorders, and schools have a duty of care to report these conditions to parents. There is strong evidence that parents are not very good at identifying the weight status of their children.
Screening programmes are controversial. In the US, they are generally well-received by parents, who claim to take action if their child is identified as overweight.
But there is growing evidence that these programs are ineffective.
Collecting data for research
The Deakin group is not recommending BMI screening or BMI report cards. They are arguing for a system of surveillance, which is quite different.
Surveillance is the systematic collection and analysis of data on kids' fatness from a representative sample, or from a census.
For surveillance purposes, neither children, nor the teachers, nor the parents are told the child's BMI. Children may be identified by coded numbers which are known only to the researchers.
Parents can opt out by ticking a box, and no measurement can be made without the verbal assent of the child.
Measurements are done by trained clinicians, in private.
No child, parent or teacher is made aware of any measurement, and any questions about the results are defused by comments such as:
Kids of your age come in all shapes and sizes, and anyway, they change so quickly. If you're worried, why not ask your mum or dad to measure you?
These procedures are now standard practice in research settings.
Downsides of weigh-ins
The biggest concern is that overweight (or underweight) kids may feel sensitised to weight issues, and may adopt unhealthy weight management practices like purging or extreme dieting.
A review of the Arkansas programme found that 7 per cent of kids were embarrassed about being weighed at school. It is likely that some kids will be distressed by the procedure.
In one discussion forum, a mum said: " I experienced eating disorders in high school and if I knew there were weigh-ins (even occasionally) it'd send me into a near-constant state of panic and restricting and purging."
Other kids may find the "normalisation" of weighing reassuring.
The Arkansas review found that kids were not more likely to be teased about their weight, or go on diets, or have more concerns about body image after the introduction of the measurement programme.
Some people feel that obesity is not a disease, that kids can be healthy at any weight, and that we should be focusing on behaviours such as healthy eating and physical activity, not fatness.
However, there is a strong association between fatness and a wide range of diseases, notably diabetes, and pretty powerful genetic and experimental evidence that the relationship is causal.
So what are the benefits?
The main benefit is that BMI surveillance will provide a rich source of accurate data.
At the moment, we only collect data on samples of kids who put up their hands to be measured. As you would expect, fatter kids are less likely to do this, so our data underestimate, and by a pretty large margin, how many kids are overweight or obese.
In one study, an opt-in method estimated obesity prevalence at 10 per cent. The opt-out method estimated 14 per cent.
Having regular, opt-out, population-level surveys of kids' height and weight allows us to chart historical trends, geographical distributions, and, if measurements can be linked to de-identified personal data, associations with socioeconomic status, environments, and health outcomes.
All this helps to direct resources where they are needed, and to plan more effective interventions.
The potential uses of data of this sort are enormous. Here are two examples.
Some recent studies have linked obesity to air pollution. By looking at the associations between where kids live, their exposure to pollution, and fatness, we can test this theory.
Another recent study in the US found that the entire increase in children's fatness in the first three years of primary school occurred during the summer holiday period. By weighing kids at the start and end of each school year, we could see if the same thing is happening in Australia.
* Tim Olds is a Professor of Health Sciences, University of South Australia.
The article was originally published by The Conversation
