How much can mould in your child's bath toy hurt them, really? Photo / Getty Images
How much can mould in your child's bath toy hurt them, really? Photo / Getty Images
I was doing my end-of-the-year inventory of unwanted toys when I did something that made my stomach turn. I picked up a bath toy - a rubber drum - and gave it a squeeze. Out came a film of slimy, blackish-gray gunk.
Oh God, what was that?
I grabbed a cutting board and a bread knife and sawed into it. Sure enough, inside the drum was a thin layer of something dark and slimy: mould.
That drum was among the toys that got dumped into my children's bathwater multiple times a week. The same water that my kids sat in, singing "Baby Shark" until their fingers and toes shriveled up. The same water that my 5-year-old turned to bubbles and smeared across his face, that my 1-year-old swallowed from a stacking cup before we could stop her.
Sure, I'd always discouraged the drinking of bathwater, but it hadn't topped my list of health concerns. Kids have been drinking bathwater since the beginning of time, I'd reassured myself. How much can it hurt them, really? The rubber drum mould was prompting me to reconsider the question.
Minimise mould and bacterial growth by squeezing out the rubber ducks to dry. Photo / Getty Images
The truth is, it takes a lot of work - conscious, deliberate work - to avoid mould. We live in northern Virginia, where summers are sticky and water vapour hangs thick in the atmosphere. Here, we attack mould in one place, and it pops up somewhere else, like the grossest game of whack-a-mole (that arcade game players use a mallet to hit toy moles, that go into their holes then pop out of another hole). I've found mould on the fabric straps of my daughter's high chair, in the crevices of my son's sippy cup lid and underneath our "Paw Patrol" bath mat.
I'm not alone. A quick Internet search returns countless examples of horrified parents discovering mould floating in their bathtub, dwelling inside their infant's favourite chew toy, even lurking inside a juice box.
So I turned to the experts for some answers. Frederik Hammes, a microbiologist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, called the subject "severely understudied," at least from a microbial perspective.
Last year, Hammes led a research team that sampled 19 used bath toys collected from five Swiss households. They sliced open the toys and tested the matrix of microorganisms and slime inside. They found as many as 20 million cells of bacteria and fungi per square centimeter in the bath toys used in households, an average of 9.5 million cells. The majority of bath toys also included the organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has been known to cause infections in people with compromised immunity, Hammes said. The study was published in the journal NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes.
While the study was far too small to generalize beyond these Swiss homes, the results were not surprising, said Michael David, assistant professor in the University of Pennsylvania Department of Medicine's Division of Infectious Diseases.
"There is likely to be an accumulation of fungi and bacteria inside of bath toys," he said. "And some of these bacterial and fungal species are associated with human infections."
Mould spores are always floating around in the air and just need the right conditions to grow and thrive. Bath toys, with their squeeze holes that collect standing water, idling in their poorly ventilated bathrooms, are the perfect breeding ground for these spores.
"Whether it's a wet cloth in the bathroom or a child's plaything outside, it's just a matter of time before spores will land on it, and given the appropriate nutrients and water, they'll grow," David said.
But David said the subject is understudied for an important reason, one that should provide comfort to parents. As an infectious diseases specialist who's treated hundreds of patients with fungal infections, he's never once seen a healthy person infected by mould known to come from bath toys or other children's products.
"The reason I think the subject hasn't been explored much is that it hasn't come up as a problem," he said. "People almost never come in with an infection caused by the types of mould that grow on a household item."
Susan Huang, medical director for epidemiology and infection prevention at the University of California at Irvine School of Medicine, and a mother of two, agreed.
"Healthy children have plenty of good immune function that allows them to breathe mould spores in and handle it, even eat some of it by accident," she said. "Nothing really happens - other than people being somewhat disgusted."
There are some exceptions. Children with compromised immunity, such as cancer patients undergoing treatment, or children with very rare immune defects, are more at risk of infections from mould. So are people with chronic lung or sinus infections or uncontrolled diabetes, David said.
Inhaling the spores can also trigger allergies or asthma, especially for children, said Maureen Lichtveld, chair of the global environmental health sciences department at Tulane University's School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in New Orleans. "Mould is something that doesn't belong in our lives," she said, "and since mould is an allergen, you want to make sure you don't trigger the immune system unnecessarily."
Lichtveld is more conservative in her approach to mould. If it was up to her, kids would never take baths; they'd shower. When she travels, she has a personal ritual to avoid unnecessary exposure.
"The first thing I do, if there's a mat in the hotel bath, is I move it," she said. "Behind the toilet."
The good news is, there's a whole lot that parents can do to minimise mould and bacterial growth. Sterilise bottles in boiling water or the microwave. Squeeze out the rubber ducks, and hang bath mats to dry. Holes in bath toys can be sealed shut with a hot glue gun or drilled larger for easy scrubbing. And most importantly, follow basic hygiene and common sense. (Read: If you see black gunk, like the kind growing inside my rubber drum, toss the darn thing.)
"There's no such thing as a sterile environment, but anything we can do to make it less harmful, we should," Lichtveld said.
Still, most parents should sleep well, even if they've missed their latest bath toy squeeze-drying session.
