The benefits of intermittent fasting

I was sceptical, but it turns out there is something to be said for a daily fast, preferably one lasting at least 16 hours.

I've long thought that the human body was not meant to run on empty, that fasting was done mainly for religious reasons or political protest. Otherwise we needed a reliably renewed source of fuel to function optimally, mentally, emotionally and physically.

Personal experience reinforced that concept; I'm not pleasant to be around when I'm hungry. There's even an official name for that state of mind, confirmed by research: Hangry!

But prompted by recent enthusiasm for fasting among people concerned about their health, weight or longevity, I looked into the evidence for possible benefits — and risks — of what researchers call intermittent fasting. Popular regimens range from ingesting few if any calories all day every other day or several times a week to fasting for 16 hours or more every day.

A man I know in his early 50s said he had lost 5kgs in about two months on what he calls the 7-11 diet: He eats nothing from 7pm until 11am the next day, every day.

I was sceptical, but it turns out there is something to be said for practicing a rather prolonged daily fast, preferably one lasting at least 16 hours. Mark P. Mattson, a neuroscientist at the National Institute on Aging and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, explained that the liver stores glucose, which the body uses for energy before it turns to burning body fat.

"It takes 10 to 12 hours to use up the calories in the liver before a metabolic shift occurs to using stored fat," Mattson told me. After meals, glucose is used for energy and fat is stored in fat tissue, but during fasts, once glucose is depleted, fat is broken down and used for energy.

Most people trying to lose weight should strive for 16 calorie-free hours, he said, adding that "the easiest way to do this is to stop eating by 8pm, skip breakfast the next morning and then eat again at noon the next day." (Caffeine-dependent people can have sugar-free black coffee or tea before lunch.) But don't expect to see results immediately; it can take up to four weeks to notice an effect, he said.

Mattson and his colleague at the aging institute Rafael de Cabo recently reviewed the effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging and disease in The New England Journal of Medicine.

Their article was prompted by frequent questions patients are asking their doctors about the health effects of fasting. Given their limited knowledge of nutrition, doctors are often unable to advise their patients, Mattson said.

Although a number of recent studies have assessed the effects of intermittent fasting on people, none are long term, and the vast majority of disease-related findings stem from research on laboratory animals. For example, in an animal model of stroke, those fed only intermittently suffered less brain damage because they were better able to resist the stress of oxygen and energy deprivation.

Other animal studies have shown a "robust disease-modifying" benefit of intermittent fasting on "a wide range of chronic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers and neurodegenerative brain diseases," the researchers reported. Their review of both animal and human studies found improvements in a variety of health indicators and a slowing or reversing of aging and disease processes.

For example, human studies of intermittent fasting found that it improved such disease indicators as insulin resistance, blood fat abnormalities, high blood pressure and inflammation, even independently of weight loss. In patients with multiple sclerosis, intermittent fasting reduced symptoms in just two months, a research team in Baltimore reported in 2018.

If you think evolutionarily, Mattson said, predators in the wild fight for prey in the fasting state and are better at recovering from injuries. The human counterpart — people who evolved in feast-or-famine environments — would not have survived unless somehow protected by fasting.

"Our human ancestors did not consume three regularly spaced large meals, plus snacks, every day, nor did they live a sedentary life," the researchers wrote. The studies they analyzed showed that "most if not all organ systems respond to intermittent fasting in ways that enable the organism to tolerate or overcome the challenge" and then return to normal.

Mattson explained that during a fast, the body produces few new proteins, prompting cells to take protein from nonessential sources, break them down and use the amino acids to make new proteins that are essential for survival. Then, after eating, a lot of new proteins are produced in the brain and elsewhere.

A reasonable question might be, "How safe is intermittent fasting?" When fats are used for energy, they produce substances called ketone bodies that "regulate the expression and activity of many proteins and molecules that are known to influence health and aging," the researchers reported. Ketosis, a buildup of acidic ketones in the blood, is a state that the Atkins diet, the ketogenic diet and other carbohydrate-restricted diets aim to achieve. Taken to extremes, however, ketosis can damage the liver, kidneys and brain and is especially dangerous to people with various chronic disorders like diabetes and heart disease.

Another important question is, "How practical is intermittent fasting?" Not very, especially in its early weeks or for people with limited control over their mealtimes.

"Many people will experience hunger, irritability and a reduced ability to concentrate during periods of food restrictions," the researchers wrote. They added, however, that these side effects usually disappear within a month.

Socially, eating restrictions like intermittent fasting can be very limiting. How do you respond to a 7pm dinner invitation if that's the start of your fasting window?

For people with a known or hidden tendency to develop an eating disorder, fasting can be the perfect trigger, which I discovered in my early 20s. In trying to control my weight, I consumed little or nothing all day, but once I ate in the evening, I couldn't stop and ended up with a binge-eating disorder.

How well this diet might work for you may depend largely on your usual pre-diet snacking and drinking habits and the kinds and amounts of foods you consume during the nonfasting hours. Knowing you cannot eat at all for a prescribed period may prompt some people to cram in whatever they want during the eating window, regardless of its nutritional value.

Mattson warned intermittent dieters to "eat healthy foods, including whole grains, healthy fats and protein, limit saturated fats and avoid sugar and refined carbohydrates. And on fasting days, stay well-hydrated." He also suggested a gradual decrease over four months in the hours and days of restricted eating and in the amount of calories consumed on fasting days.

Written by: Jane E. Brody
Photographs by: Garcia Lam
© 2020 THE NEW YORK TIMES