When we think about gendered language, we tend to think about languages where certain words are either male, female, or neutral. But there's a difference between grammatical gender and societal gender.
So while in French, books are male (un livre) and chairs are female (une chaise), English is generally gender-neutral when it comes to grammar (the book, the chair).
Samantha Fox, a professor in the department of society, culture and languages at the University of New England, explains that the way gender affects English started to solidify around the 18th century, when we as a society moved from an economy of feudalism to capitalism.
In this new world order, men's positions and work were valued more than that of women. Because of that, Fox explains, the language we developed to describe male and female work splintered off and became gendered.
And while humans influence language, language also has the power to influence humans and their behaviour.
Take for example, the stereotypical nagging, harpy wife. "We don't really have an equivalent cultural archetype for a man," says Andrea Bonior, a psychologist and author.
"Women, on the other hand, are so fearful of falling into that stereotypical role that they might quiet themselves in situations when they should speak up," she says.
It goes the other way, too, in that language affects the way we're meant to act - not just what we want to avoid.
"Typically, with women you get this gendered language that is a lot more expressive," Fox says. "Women are socialised through language to be nice, to be nurturing, to be sensitive to other people's needs. Men, on the other hand, are socialised through language to be less expressive. They are independent and dominating."
Fox recalled a situation in her class when, talking about an assignment, the men in her class used words like "I dominated" or "I owned it".
Women rarely use these types of descriptors, she says. "So men are socialised to be dominating, while women are socialised to be nice," Fox says.
Since language is so gendered, it should stand to reason that the same words can mean different thing when talking about men or women. "Just think about the word b---h," Bonior says.
"When you call a woman a b---h, it means one thing. But call a man a b---h, and the word takes on a completely different meaning."
And out of that grew gender-specific roles.
Another example: slut. It's a derogatory term to describe women, based on a nonspecific number of sexual partners she is perceived to have. But because of decades of gendered use, the term is inherently female. So when referring to a man who has a perceived number of sex partners, we slap the term "man" in front of slut to get "manslut", a term that doesn't exactly pack the same kind of punch as "slut."
If there isn't a gender-equivalent term for certain negative words, then the behavior of the opposite gender tends to fly under the radar.
The word mistress, for example, has no male-equivalent. There's no opposite to "the other woman." And that influences behaviour. People are more likely to blame "the other woman" when their husbands cheat. But when a wife cheats, there's no collective blaming of "the other man."
"Since there is no label for a male mistress, that behaviour doesn't define the man in the same way it would the woman," Bonior says.
To move closer to gender equality, we have to move away from binary ways of thinking, according to Fox. In discussions of sex, gender and sexuality, these terms are incredibly detrimental, and will always create division.
"We have binaries, and they create these neat little boxes, and they define how we view the world," Fox says. "But the problem with binaries is that they allow us to define out of existence anything that doesn't fit into those neat little boxes."
We can see this especially in LGBT marriages, when heterosexual people will ask queer couples "who is the husband, and who is the wife?" Not only does that question assume and reaffirm traditional gender roles, it ignores the fact that all couples, including LGBT couples, should have the freedom to form their own dynamics in relationships.
The road out of this binaried world is tricky. The first step is one that we're already seeing: awareness. "If in our day to day movement through society, we can stop and be mindful about these words and their meanings, that's a good first step," Bonior says.
Fox echoes that sentiment, but takes it a step further. "We need to be aware of these binaries, but also interrogate our privileges when it comes to their usage," she explains.
White women, for example, have been able to reappropriate the word "slut" in ways that women of color are unable to because of their differing histories with the word.
This shift requires the people in dominant positions to recognise and validate the people in subordinate positions. But it's an important one to attempt, because if we continue to have these gendered, binary ways of talking about relationships, we'll never be able to accomplish true equality. And if this moment in history has taught us anything, it's that equality is something we sorely need.
