No specific device or substance has been linked to all the cases, officials said. The Food and Drug Administration is analysing samples collected from patients across the country who have fallen ill and is testing them for a broad range of chemicals, including nicotine, THC — the ingredient in marijuana that produces the high — and "cutting agents" to dilute solutions and other substances.
"Based on the clinical and laboratory evidence to date, we believe that a chemical exposure is likely associated with these illnesses," said Dana Meaney-Delman, who is heading CDC's lung injury response.
This week, New York state and FDA labs told officials they found vitamin E acetate, an oil derived from vitamin E, in samples of marijuana products collected from patients who had been sickened by vaping. New York state officials have said the oil is a key focus of the state's investigation. FDA officials have stressed, however, that no one substance, including vitamin E acetate, has been identified in all samples. While the FDA does not have enough data to conclude that vitamin E acetate is the cause of the injuries, "the agency believes it is prudent to avoid inhaling this substance," the agency said in a statement Friday.
The Indiana State Department of Health this week reported the state's first vaping-related death. The person died "due to severe lung injury linked to a history of e-cigarette use or 'vaping,'" according to health officials. The death was confirmed on Thursday and the patient was identified only as being over the age of 18.
On Friday, the Minnesota health department said a patient over 65 died in August due to lung injuries related to vaping. The patient died after a "long and complicated hospitalisation," officials said. Investigators said the lung injury was associated with vaping illicit THC products.
On Friday, Los Angeles County health authorities also reported the county's first known death associated with vaping, in an older adult with chronic health issues. Illinois and Oregon have also each reported a death.
The rising case counts drew an angry tweet from Sen. Dick Durbin, (D-Ill), who threatened to call for the resignation of acting FDA chief Norman "Ned" Sharpless.
Even though the definitive cause remains unknown, the mysterious lung illness is coming into focus as officials and clinicians identified clinical similarities in illnesses among people who use e-cigarettes, or vape. Preliminary reports released Friday from clinicians and state health departments in Wisconsin, Illinois, North Carolina and Utah confirm patterns that individual doctors treating patients have described.
Most patients have been young and healthy. They had similar symptoms, including cough, chest pain or shortness of breath that appeared to take place over several days to several weeks before hospitalisation, according to a CDC report released Friday. All patients reported using e-cigarettes, which officials define as battery-operated devices that heat a liquid and deliver an aerosolised product.
Clinicians in Utah and North Carolina said they had identified the presence of abnormal immune cells in the lungs of some patients, which could be a "useful marker" for a diagnosis of a rare form of pneumonia known as lipoid pneumonia, according to findings reported by University of Utah Hospital clinicians in the New England Journal of Medicine Friday.
"That can occur when either oils or lipid-containing substances enter the lungs," said Daniel Fox, a pulmonologist and critical care physician at WakeMed Health and Hospitals in North Carolina. Fox said he had treated five patients, and those cases were being reported by North Carolina's health department.
In the joint investigation by Wisconsin and Illinois health departments, the earliest report of symptoms took place in mid-April. Most of the 53 patients were young healthy men, with a median age of 19. All but three patients were hospitalised. More than half required intensive care. One-third needed respirators to keep breathing. All used e-cigarettes or related products within 90 days of getting sick; a significant number reported vaping in the week before falling ill.
About 84 percent of the patients told clinicians they used THC in e-cig devices. They reported using 14 different brands of THC products; the most common one was marketed under the "Dank Vape" label. That label is sold online and industry sources say marketers often fill an empty cartridge with potentially unsafe ingredients and sell to unsuspecting customers.
Patients also reported using 13 brands of nicotine products in a wide range of flavour's.
Fifteen patients said they only used THC products; seven said they used nicotine-only products, adding to the mystery of what exactly has caused healthy teenagers and young adults to suffer such severe injuries. Doctors have said that patients, especially teens, are often reluctant to say whether they have used marijuana products.
Health officials have said they are focusing on contaminants and counterfeit substances as a likely cause, narrowing the possible culprits to adulterants in vaping products purported to have THC, although they have not ruled out adulterants in nicotine vaping products.
E-cigarette aerosol generally contains fewer toxic chemicals than conventional cigarette smoke, officials have said. But e-cigarette aerosol is not harmless and can expose consumers to substances known to damage health, including ultra-fine particles, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds and other harmful ingredients.
Many of the chemicals in e-cigarette liquids may "undergo thermal degradation" when they are heated, producing new compounds with potentially harmful consequences. "Alone or in combination, these substances could result in a variety of pulmonary illnesses," the authors of the NEJM paper on the Wisconsin and Illinois investigation wrote. The illnesses could include lipoid pneumonia and could result in severe lung injury and a very serious condition known as acute respiratory distress syndrome.
E-cigarettes are commonly used to inhale nicotine but can also be used to deliver THC, CBD and butane hash oils known as "dabs." Although previous reports have detailed severe lung illnesses among people who have used nicotine or cannabis extracts in e-cigarettes, there haven't been large clusters of pulmonary illnesses occurring at the same time that have been linked to e-cigarettes, the Wisconsin and Illinois authors wrote.
"It is notable that case patients in Wisconsin and Illinois presented with similar clinical findings and progression of disease, which suggests a similar pathophysiological mechanism of lung injury," the authors wrote.
After comparing emergency room visits for complaints about severe respiratory illnesses, Illinois officials found an increase of cases in 2019, starting in May and June. "That would suggest that it's a new phenomenon," said Jennifer Layden, chief medical officer at the Illinois health department.
