Only the strong will survive a global catastrophe. Photo / 123RF
Only the strong will survive a global catastrophe. Photo / 123RF
In his book The Knowledge, scientist Lewis Dartnell explains to the Daily Mail everything from how to purify water to preventing infections with homemade soap.
Billionaires who have made their fortunes in Silicon Valley seem to be worried about the future.
So worried in fact, that some of them are reportedly buying vast estates in places such as New Zealand, as "apocalypse insurance". Aotearoa has become a billionaires' boltholes to head to in the event of doomsday scenarios such as nuclear attack or global political meltdown.
How do we go about making and doing everything for ourselves once again, and help post-apocalyptic society avoid another Dark Age - and reboot civilisation?
As a scientist, this is the thought experiment I chose to explore in my book, The Knowledge.
So here are my seven top tips for getting to grips with a global catastrophe...
Ensuring your drinking water is safe so that you don't succumb to disease in a post-apocalyptic world will be crucial.
Although boiling works perfectly, it uses up a lot of fuel.
Iodine tablets could be scavenged from the ruins of camping stores, and bleach (sodium hypochlorite) or even swimming pool chlorine (calcium hypochlorite) can be diluted to chemically disinfect suspect water.
But even sunshine can be used to keep you safely hydrated.
Solar disinfection is recommended by the World Health Organisation in developing nations.
Simply fill plastic bottles and leave in the sun - the UV rays will pass right through the water to kill pathogens in a day or so.
2. Prevent infection
Aside from securing safe water, the single most important thing you can do to stay alive in a post-apocalyptic world without antibiotics is to stop yourself picking up infections.
Soap is enormously effective at protecting against gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, and can be made by boiling animal fat or plant oil with quicklime (roasted chalk or limestone) and soda.
Ethanol is effective at disinfecting wounds, and can be distilled from fermented fruit or grain.
3. Generate power
The power grids could be out of action almost immediately - and electricity isn't a resource you can really stockpile.
You could scavenge mobile diesel generators from roadwork sites, but in the longer term as fuel becomes scarce you'll need to turn to renewable sources such as wind or solar energy.
An alternator scavenged from any abandoned car can generate electricity from improvised water wheels and windmills, which can then be stored in large rechargeable batteries.
Better than the 12V car battery, the batteries in golf buggies or mobility scooters are "deep cycle", designed to provide a steady amount of current over a long period of time, so much better suited for storing your off-grid power supply.
Ensuring your drinking water is safe so that you don't succumb to disease in a post-apocalyptic world will be crucial. Photo / 123RF
4. Grow food
Your post-apocalyptic community will only be able to dine out on the leftovers of a fallen civilisation for so long.
Soon enough the preserved cans of food on abandoned supermarket shelves will have been consumed or gone off.
And by the time that happens, you're going to need to have redeveloped agriculture to avoid starving to death.
The Global Seed Vault on the Arctic island of Svalbard is a doomsday-proof facility dug deep into a freezing mountainside.
5. Drive tree-powered cars
Once all the remaining diesel and petrol fuel has gone you'll still be able to benefit from mechanisation and vehicles.
With a little modification, the internal combustion engine can be run on the flammable gases produced by the thermal breakdown of wood, a process known as "pyrolysis".
During the fuel shortages of World War II, there were more than a million wood gasifier cars driving around Europe.
The "dry distillation" of wood - heating it without access to oxygen - was used from the 17th century to produce useful substances such as creosote, turpentine, methanol and acetone.
The advancement of our civilisation was not just the development of machinery in the industrial revolution, but also owes a great deal to providing vital chemical substances for society.
One of the most useful categories of chemical throughout history has been alkalis such as potash (potassium carbonate) and soda (sodium carbonate), used for making everything from soap to glass and paper.
Potash is extracted by trickling water through the ashes of a hardwood fire and then evaporating away the water again to leave white crystals.
Soda is purified in the same way, but from burned seaweed or coastal plants such as barilla or salicornia.
7. Be scientific
Over the longer term, as our post-apocalyptic society recovers and grows, we'll need to relearn knowledge for ourselves.
The greatest invention of them all, what we would want to preserve if all else was lost, is the scientific method.
It is only by thinking rationally and critically, observing the natural world and prodding it in particular ways with experiments, that you can have any confidence that your explanatory stories (or hypotheses) are likely to be right.
The invention of the knowledge-generation machinery of science in the 16th century is what enabled us to build the modern world.
And it is science that you would need to reboot civilisation again from scratch.
Those who survive will have to restart the chemical industry and in the end it science that will be needed to comeback from an apocalyptic world. Photo / 123RF
HOW TO SURVIVE THE APOCALYPSE
The eight most important skills to know include making metal tools, preserving food, making chemicals, making things from wood, basic first aid, growing crops, making clothes and getting engines and machines to work, according to astrobiologist Dr Lewis Dartnell.
Take a fire starting kit, strong twine, food for a few days, a small knife and a bottle along with some water purification tablets.
The five best places to go are a beach, the vets, a hospital, a supermarket or golf course.
When you get there, the five most important things to be able to make are electricity, soap, charcoal, a lathe to craft things with, and glass.
Infected people lack control over their actions - aka zombies. Photo / AP
TIPS ON HOW TO SURVIVE A ZOMBIE APOCALYPSE
In 2014, scientists from Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, and the University of California, San Diego dubbed the condition of being a zombie 'Conscious Deficit Hypoactivity Disorder', or CDHD, which they describe as an acquired syndrome in which infected people lack control over their actions.
• Don't fight: Zombies wouldn't have the neural responses to care about pain, so unless you could shoot to kill, it would be best to run for it.
• Keep quiet: Zombies with 'CDHD' would have very little memory and poor concentration, so if you hid, something else would likely capture their attention, keeping you safe. The different definitions for CDHD are explained later in this article.
• Distract them: Damage to zombies' posterior parietal cortex would mean that they couldn't concentrate and would be at the mercy of whatever grabs their attention. Try fireworks for a quick getaway.
• Out-run them: This only would only work with CDHD-1 zombies, who would only be able to lumber along clumsily.
• Don't try reason: 'CDHD presents with a massive dysfunction of the language circuits in the brain. This means that zombies can't understand what you're saying, nor can they talk back,' the neuroscientists warned. Their 'fight' reaction would dominate, leaving you pleading with an angry hungry zombie.
• Mimic them: Zombies wouldn't be able to recognise faces so they identify each other by movements and sounds. "If confronted with a herd of the undead with no clear avenue of escape, do what Shaun and his friends did in 'Shaun of the dead' - act like a zombie. Do it with enough accuracy and you can wander through the herd undetected," the researchers said.
