Some children may be more prone to weight gain than others and will therefore need an extra (but discreet) eye on them. Photo / Getty Images
When her 8-year-old daughter started a new school in a new town, UK mum Kim was heartbroken - but not altogether surprised - when she came home after her first day and said some older boys had called her fat.
"We used to live in a small village and she went to the local infant school where she'd known all her classmates from NCT and playgroup days," says Kim. "She's always been plumper than the other children - I'm also a bit overweight - but they genuinely didn't notice or care.
"When we moved for my husband's job and she started her new school, it was a wake-up call. She was clearly bigger than the other children and, for the first time ever, they did notice - and they teased her for it. I wanted to help her lose weight, but I didn't want to damage her self-esteem."
It's a common concern. I have two daughters myself - aged four and seven - and I've talked to them about everything from stranger danger to death (when our neighbour's cat died, it prompted lots of questions). But I shy away from talking about their weight, fearful of making them feel bad about their bodies or, worse, triggering an eating disorder.
But is this fear making our children fatter? Possibly.
A large study from Imperial College London and the World Health Organisation (WHO) announced this week that 4.54 million British children are currently overweight or obese, which is a leap from 2.66 million in 1975.
According to key results from the New Zealand Health Survey of 2015/16, one in nine children, or 11 per cent, aged two to 14 years are obese while a further 21 per cent are overweight.
The survey also found that "children living in the most deprived areas were three times as likely to be obese as children living in the least deprived areas."
New Zealand's numbers reveal lower rates than the UK, where British researchers found four in ten children aged five to 19 are overweight and have warned of an "absolute crisis" in child heath including a greater future risk of heart disease, cancer and diabetes.
"The trend predicts a generation of children and adolescents growing up obese," says Majid Ezzati, the Imperial College professor who led the study and who has called for better regulations and taxes to protect children from junk food.
Dr Fiona Bull from the World Health Organisation blames politicians for failing to act after years of warnings and said: "Obesity is a global health crisis today, and threatens to worsen in coming years unless we start taking action. We are surrounded by environments that market unhealthy, high-fat, high-sugar, high-calorie food. That's what is on the TVs, that's what is promoted at bus stops."
Some are taking notice, and just this week UK Pizza Hut and TGI Fridays announced plans to stop selling refillable sugary drinks by next March in a bid to reduce children's sugar intake.
But do parents have a responsibility to act, too? Yes, according to Matt Roberts, personal trainer and father of two, who has worked with David and Samantha Cameron. "Things have gone too far, and today's parents are fearful of speaking to their child about their weight. But you can do it delicately, appropriately and rather than singling a child out you can tackle it as a household."
Matt says this means leading by example, and being honest about your own eating and exercise habits. "Have a kitchen detox so there aren't biscuits and soft drinks around to tempt them. Don't ban treats entirely, but limit to them to outside the house, where you have less control anyway.
"Secondly, get off the sofa yourself ... Cycle or dog walk together and make it social by inviting their friends along, too. Encourage them into sports and try different ones until they find something they love."
Matt says it's no coincidence childhood obesity rates were lower in 1975. "There were no gadgets or social media to keep them inside and inactive. If your child is under eleven set screen time limits. But if you have a 14-year-old? Good luck with that. I have children myself, so I know it's hard. All we can do as parents is keep trying to engage with them, encourage them into sport and limit junk food at home."
Matt also advises talking in terms of health and not weight. "Don't tell them they need to lose a specific amount of weight - don't bring numbers into it. Rather, talk about how reducing sugar and getting out in the fresh air will make them feel energised and healthy, how it will make them better at their sport, and so on."
This approach helped Sally when her son Jack, now 18, became overweight in his early teens. "Unlike his younger brother, who is ridiculously skinny, Jack's always had a bigger build - plus he's greedy," she says. "When he was 13, he carried his weight really badly and looked very chubby, but he's sensitive and takes things to heart.
"I knew he was self-conscious about his trousers splitting and having to wear clothes two years older than his age. I sympathised because I was a chubby child and I remember how much it hurt when my mum tried to curb my own biscuit consumption. If I'd have said 'Stop being a pig' when he binged on biscuits, like my husband wanted to, it wouldn't have helped.
"One day, we were watching one of those health makeover shows and there was an overweight teenage boy on there who'd lost three stone. I started to cry and Jack said: 'You're worried that's going to be me, aren't you?' That was my opening, and we talked about the health dangers his weight could pose.
"Right away, he cut back on junk food and joined his local football team. He also began to grow into his shape out. Now he's over 6ft with broad shoulders."
"I often find anxiety about talking to our children about weight are rooted in our own childhoods," says clinical psychologist Dr Rachel Andrew, author of The Supermum Myth.
"I've rarely met a child who is overweight in a family where everybody is a normal weight. Often, one or more parents are overweight or have struggled with their weight in the past.
"These parents often worry about hurting their child's feelings or triggering an eating disorder, but I believe those parents will naturally be more sensitive to their child's feelings so they shouldn't worry."
Dr Andrew says parents should also remember some children may be more prone to weight gain than others and will therefore need an extra (but discreet) eye on them: "Lots of factors come into a child's weight, other than diet and exercise, like different body shapes, metabolisms and temperaments. Some children respond well to limits. Some children love playing football, whereas others like sedentary things like art."
And then, of course, there's the inextricable link between food and love. "As parents, we feel our primary responsibility is to nourish our child. But remember, not gently and kindly tackling a weight issue with them will do them more harm than good."
• Don't cut out whole food groups, says Alexia Dempsey, specialist eating-disorder dietitian at the Priory Hospital in Roehampton, south-west London. "Living healthily is about moderation not exclusion."
• Teach your child that appearance is not the most important thing. "Talk about kindness and compassion rather than weight and shape as key values," says Dempsey.
• Parents who have concerns about their own weight should be careful with their language, says psychiatrist Dr Janet Walsh. "Rather than always talking about your weight or a diet, you might say: 'I enjoyed that run, I feel great and I'm going to do it again at the weekend.'"
• If obesity is your concern, ask your child if they really are hungry when they ask for food. Often we use food to combat boredom, says Dempsey. "Think about fluids, too. Dehydration can often be confused with hunger."
• If you are worried about your child's eating, seek professional advice quickly.
Some names have been changed
- Additional reporting, NZ Herald
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