"I had never heard of it," said Weil, now 33, of her daughter's diagnosis. "Most people haven't."
At first, Natalia, a statistician, and her husband, Jason, a photographer, were reassured by the pediatrician, who blamed a respiratory infection for their daughter's voice problem. Her explanation sounded logical: Toddlers get an average of seven or eight colds annually.
Weil said the couple assumed Vivienne's voice would return to normal - and didn't want to overreact.
"We were first-time parents and we were worried," Weil said, "but thought maybe we worried too much and should wait. We decided to give it time. We didn't know how much children were supposed to talk at the age of 1 or 2. . . . We just did what the doctors told us."
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But Vivienne's paternal grandmother grew increasingly concerned. Because Vivienne was slow to talk, her grandmother wondered whether she might have a developmental delay or a speech problem and suggested an evaluation by a speech pathologist.
During a visit in September 2013, the pediatrician prescribed a liquid antacid for the 2-and-a-half-year-old. The doctor also approved a referral to an ear, nose and throat specialist.
An ENT who saw Vivienne soon afterward diagnosed her with dysphonia - an impaired voice that can result from a problem with the vocal cords. He sent her to a pediatric otolaryngologist for a more complete evaluation.
The pediatric specialist listened to her breathe and talk and then scheduled a laryngoscopy. The test involves a visual inspection of the back of the throat. In some cases, doctors use a thin, flexible tube attached to a tiny fiber-optic camera that is threaded up the nose and down the throat to permit inspection of the upper airway.
The procedure, Weil recalled, was traumatic for Vivienne and her parents. The little girl, terrified by what was happening, began screaming and had to be held down by several nurses so the doctor could perform the test.
Its results were definitive - and explained the reason for Vivienne's prolonged voicelessness. She was suffering from a rare disease called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, which is caused by two strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection that can be acquired at or before birth. The disease is incurable; it can be treated by surgery to remove the tumours which temporarily restores the voice. The goal of treatment is to lengthen the interval between surgeries while preventing permanent damage to the delicate vocal cords.
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HPV is ubiquitous; nearly all sexually active adults have been exposed to it. Most people clear the infection from their bodies without ever knowing they had it. But in some cases two strains, HPV 6 and 11, can cause genital warts: benign, sometimes cauliflower-shaped tumours known as papillomas. These warts can occur months or sometimes years after exposure.
In some cases, mothers with genital warts can pass the virus during childbirth, resulting in the development of papillomas in the child's respiratory tract, particularly the larynx. (Two other strains considered "high risk" - HPV 16 and 18 - can cause cervical cancer. HPV can also cause oral, anal and penile cancer.)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 2 in every 100,000 children have RRP, which can be prevented by a vaccine called Gardasil. US Federal health officials recommend administering the vaccine, first licensed in 2006, to children at 11 or 12 before they are sexually active.
The pediatric ENT told the Weils it was a good thing they hadn't waited longer to seek treatment. Vivienne's tumours had grown so large they were threatening her airway.
"I was speechless," recalled Weil, who at the time was pregnant with her second daughter. "I thought, 'I gave this to my baby.' I remember sitting in that little room and thinking, 'She'll have to deal with this forever.' "
Weil said that she had no idea she ever had genital warts or had been exposed to HPV. In the car on the way back to their Maryland home, she said, she wept as she scrolled through her phone, frantically trying to learn about the disease, terrified that her second child might contract it, too.
Shortly before Vivienne's first surgery in November 2013, Weil sought answers from her obstetrician. How, she asked, could HPV have been missed?
The doctor replied that Pap smears performed in 2009 and 2011 were normal. Health officials do not recommend that women under 30 - Weil was 25 when Vivienne was born - routinely receive an HPV test because the virus is so common.
"It is possible that you had the virus and then your immune system cleared it so your test was negative in Dec. 2011" - 10 months after Vivienne's birth, the doctor wrote.
Nor is it clear that a caesarean delivery would have prevented the disease. Experts say that some cases appear to have been contracted in utero.
Because of her age, Weil was not included in the initial targeting efforts for the vaccine, which focused on preteen girls.
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Vivienne's first surgery, performed under general anesthesia, involved debridement, a procedure that essentially shaves off the tumours.
Weil said she remembers walking into the recovery room with her husband to hear Vivienne "crying loudly. It was so amazing," she recalled. "For us it was the best sound in the world."
But as is almost always the case, Vivienne's voice faded to a whisper after a few months as the tumours grew back. For the next few years she underwent simultaneous debridement of both vocal cords every four to six months.
In March 2018 after her 11th operation, her voice did not return. No physical explanation could be found, and doctors suggested the cause might stem from vocal cord weakness or psychological factors. For the next six months, Vivienne underwent hypnosis and saw speech therapists to no avail.
In desperation Weil posted a video of her daughter on Instagram. She hoped that someone - possibly another parent - might have some advice.
Within days, a California woman whose daughter has the disease suggested trying a different treatment. Instead of debridement, she recommended finding a doctor who uses a potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser. Some specialists believe that use of the laser is superior, because it removes more tumor while minimizing damage to the vocal cords.
"I did a lot of research," Weil said. She found Simon Best, an otolaryngologist and researcher at Johns Hopkins who studies the disease and is an expert in laser treatment.
Weil said she tried unsuccessfully to make an appointment with Best but was told that he is not a pediatric otolaryngologist and therefore doesn't treat children.
Undeterred, she searched a medical database, unearthed his email address and sent him a message describing her daughter's case.
Best agreed to see Vivienne and Weil's insurer approved the out-of-network visit.
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Best, an associate professor of otolaryngology, estimates that in his 13-year career he has treated about 100 people, mostly adults, who have RRP. (An adult specialist, he treats patients of all ages with the disease.) Some developed the disease as children. In others, it arose in their 30s and 40s, a decade or so after HPV exposure.
"It has a horrible propensity to just keep coming back," Best said. One of his patients had endured 300 operations by the time he was 20. "You can imagine what that does to voice quality."
Best treats only one vocal cord at a time to prevent webbing, which occurs when the vocal cords grow together and can harm the voice.
"I was pleasantly surprised that there wasn't a huge amount of scarring," said Best of Vivienne, whom he first saw in September 2018.
The first laser surgery on the second grader's right vocal cord occurred in November 2018; her voice returned, but remained raspy. A second operation on the left vocal cord in January 2019 has had excellent results. A few days ago Vivienne underwent a successful repeat procedure on her right side.
"This is the best she has ever sounded," said her mother, adding that even the noise of her daughters' squabbling delights her.
In the past few months, she said, Vivienne has blossomed, eagerly making new friends and becoming a "happy, babbly little girl."
"She says that having a voice is even better than she thought it would be," Weil said. A year ago, she had told her mother that several classmates had excluded her from their game of "cheerleader."
Best recommends that a voice problem that lasts longer than a month should prompt an examination by "someone who can visualize the larynx."
It's difficult to predict how many surgeries Vivienne might need, he said. It's unlikely to be just three because recurrence is the rule. "Everyone has a unique clinical course," Best added.
"The earlier RRP is detected, the better," Best noted, before the disease can do extensive damage. "It's often overlooked for fairly long periods of time - months or years. And it doesn't enter the realm of diagnostic consideration in children until there are fairly severe effects."
The otolaryngologist remains a strong proponent of the HPV vaccine, which can prevent the disease. Weil said she plans to immunise her daughters and to get the vaccine herself, which could protect her against other strains of HPV.
According to the CDC, only half of American adolescents have been fully immunised. By contrast, Australia, which has promoted free immunisation in schools for more than a decade, has dramatically reduced cases of cervical cancer and genital warts.
(In New Zealand, in 2017 HPV immunisation became free for males and females, aged 9 to 26. It is free for non-residents under the age of 18.)
"Even though RRP is a rare disease, just from a psychosocial point of view, you can imagine what effect this disease has on families," Best said. "The mothers of these children have a big burden to bear."
