Stephanie Hanson Damassa, a policy communications director at a Washington environmental nonprofit, went so far as to investigate her cloth nappy service's delivery processes, to make sure the vehicles were fuel-efficient.
"That was important to me, as I didn't want the environmental benefits (of cloth nappying) to cancel out from the service," she said. Yet the carbon footprint of prefolds, estimated at 570kg of CO2 equivalent over 2 1/2 years in laundering alone, outweighs that of disposables, at 550kg of CO2 equivalent.
Damassa was also concerned about water usage in laundering cloth nappies, but with cotton, the water inputs add up before they're ever washed. Cotton is an extremely thirsty crop. Although roughly 30 cloth nappies serve the function of 4000 disposables, cloth's water demands are almost nine times the alternative. Thirty cloth nappies draw an estimated 1,221 cubic meters of water in crop irrigation, processing, weaving, manufacturing and 2 1/2 years of washings. Meanwhile, the water used to manufacture those 4,000 disposables comes in at a comparatively modest 141 cubic meters.
Then there's the water that cotton pollutes, as one of the world's most pesticide-heavy crops. In India, cotton covers 5 per cent of cropland, but it's doused with 54 per cent of the nation's annual pesticide use. These pesticides seep into the groundwater and eventually make it back to consumers - in their tea, soda and drinking water.
The industry also has a painful and persistent history of exploitation. In the world's top cotton-producing countries - China, India, the United States, Pakistan, Brazil and Uzbekistan - the crop has been linked to supplier price gouging, food insecurity and forced labor.
This is not to say disposables get a perfect score on environmental or social impacts. Today's disposables are made largely of plastics and super-absorbent polymers, both petroleum products. The world's plastic demand is so great that though polymers and plastics once were byproducts of fuel, now novel production processes are dedicated to making them. Disposable nappies in the United States end up almost exclusively in landfills, where they emit methane, a greenhouse gas 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide.
Some disposable brands, such as Honest Co. and Seventh Generation, claim to address this concern by selling unbleached, compostable nappies. Unless parents are composting them at home, though, these "eco-friendly" disposables are as culpable as Pampers for greenhouse gas emissions from municipal waste facilities. Seventh Generation users may be particularly disappointed to learn that the earthy color of their nappies is achieved with dyes.
But recent improvements to standard disposables shift the ecological balance in their favor. Companies have dramatically reduced the quantity of petroleum products and pine-pulp "fluff" in disposable nappies, cutting the use of forest products and landfill volume. Environmental Protection Agency partnerships are converting methane to energy and fuel at about a third of the nation's landfills, with plans to upgrade more. Plus, Pampers and Huggies manufacturers are sourcing all of their trees from certified, responsibly managed forests.
Huggies has piloted a nappy composting initiative in New Zealand that is now expanding across Europe and Australia. Not to be outdone, Pampers has reduced manufacturing waste by 78 per cent, CO2 emissions by 9 per cent, energy consumption by 8 per cent and water consumption by 4 per cent in the past five years, according to Heather Valento, a spokeswoman for parent company Procter & Gamble.
If the environmental improvements related to disposables don't influence cotton-nappy fans, perhaps the labor conditions for disposable-nappy manufacturing will. Pampers and Huggies are subsidiaries of mega-corporations Procter & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark, respectively. Manufacturing is U.S.-based, and both companies' workforces make wages above the national minimum, with salaries starting at more than $11 an hour. In Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Mehoopany, Pennsylvania, where Pampers are manufactured, wages plus the company's benefits packages can support two adults, according to MIT's living-wage calculator. (Huggies did not furnish details on the locations of its manufacturing facilities or the nature of its benefits.)
Whether new parents opt for cloth or disposable nappies, though, the good news is that both are increasingly responsible choices for consumers, the planet and the people in the supply chain. Huggies and Pampers are in a race to improve their social and environmental records, and cotton-nappy makers are slowly, unsteadily adopting a similar trend.
While the production of conventional cloth nappies is nearly impossible to trace, responsible purveyors are advertising ethical certifications. GOTS, the Global Organic Textile Standard, certifies cotton manufacturing processes as organic while also requiring that labor conditions are favorable for workers and that air and water emissions meet stringent standards. Audits are notoriously tricky, but at the very least consumers can know that a cloth-nappy supplier is striving to eliminate child labor, forced labor, harmful pesticide usage and wasteful irrigation practices. Supporting the efforts to increase transparency and accountability in the cotton supply chain might be a real reason for anti-waste parents to stick with (socially responsible) cloth options. The textile and clothing industries are important components of economic development, and consumers who demand safe conditions and fair wages for farmers and industrial workers could help ensure that such development benefits everyone, not just wealthy factory owners.
Other opportunities to be a responsible global citizen are surfacing in the all-in-one nappy market. Cotton Babies, the maker of bumGenius nappies, runs a 70-person packing facility in St. Louis where employees are paid living wages, can bring their babies to work and get 26 days of paid leave a year. Chief executive Jennifer Labit started Cotton Babies with $100 after losing her programming job in the early-2000s tech bubble. The company she built created more than 300 U.S. jobs and provides, through charity work, an estimated 3.2 million free nappy changes for parents on welfare, who are loaned used bumGenius nappies. Its 250-person subcontracted assembly facility in Denver doesn't provide wages or benefits akin to those at Pampers or Huggies, but it does seek environmental and social improvements for everything from raw materials to the nappies themselves. And the largely synthetic all-in-ones do not contribute to the social and environmental footprint of cotton (bumGenius's cotton-insert nappies use GOTS and Oeko-Tex certified cotton).
Parents trying to do the right thing for the planet and humanity might consider pushing synthetic all-in-one producers to increase their prices to let benefits directly reach manufacturing workers. Cotton Babies audits supplier facilities domestically and abroad, but Labit confesses, "There's only so much that I control." But until business growth enables Cotton Babies and like-minded companies to leverage authority over suppliers, and until high-end consumers agree to pay more for premium nappies to ensure worker welfare, disposables may still be the more ethical and convenient nappy choice.
