However, most of the research on extroversion has focused on social situations - being alone or being at a party - rather than physical surroundings. No study has looked at extroversion and introversion in connection with natural environments, the University of Virginia researchers say.
Through a series of five experiments, the researchers showed that people who are more extroverted prefer wide-open spaces, including the beach, while introverts are drawn toward the woods and mountains.
This seems to be because wooded or mountainous environments offer a lot fewer opportunities for affiliation and exhibition, while wide-open spaces like beaches offer more. The mountains and woods are great places for solitude and self-reflection, while beaches can be a lot noisier and offer a lot more potential for partying and people watching.
Researchers say that being in the mountains doesn't necessarily make introverts happier than extroverts, since extroverts are on the whole happier than introverts. But being in the woods or mountains does seem to make introverts less sad.
In another experiment, the researchers analysed a database of personality surveys of 613,000 people across the US to see whether introversion and extroversion was associated with a state's geography. Here, too, they found that residents of mountainous US states were more introverted than residents of flat states.
Still, the causation wasn't clear. Did living in the mountains make these people introverted, or do introverted people just tend to "self-select" and move to the mountains?
To analyse this, the researchers performed one more experiment. They sent groups of students into a flat open area or a wooded, secluded area on the UVA campus and analysed their extroversion and happiness.
Here, the researchers found that the terrain resulted in different levels of happiness for introverts and extroverts - introverts were more stressed out in the open space than in the trees. But the experiment had little effect on how introverted or extroverted students appeared to be, suggesting geography may not be able to change a person's personality.
However, the researchers caution that this last experiment was one small, short-term study, and that more dramatic terrains or longer exposure times to them might be able to influence people's personalities. More research on this idea is needed, they say.
The choice between vacationing at the beach or in the mountains might seem like a superficial one. However, there is a long history of people looking to natural environment to fulfill certain psychological needs.
Henry David Thoreau, the American philosopher who lived in a cabin in the woods for two years while writing Walden, was an extreme introvert who retreated to the woods in search of introspection. "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude. We are for the most part more lonely when we go abroad among men than when we stay in our chambers," he writes in Walden.
What the extrovert equivalent of Henry David Thoreau had to say on the subject is lost to history. He or she was probably out partying at the beach.
Join the conversation on the Herald Life Facebook page
