Permafrost, or permanently frozen ground, continued to thaw and erode along Arctic coastlines, leaving Indigenous communities struggling to cope with damaged infrastructure.
And perhaps most stunning, snow cover across the Eurasian Arctic reached a record low in June. The drying of soils and vegetation that followed contributed to wildfires that burned millions of acres of taiga, or boreal forest, particularly across Siberia. The fires spewed one-third more heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than the year before, according to European researchers.
The amount of snow that fell across the Eurasian Arctic was actually above normal this year, said Lawrence Mudryk, a researcher with Environment and Climate Change Canada and lead author of the section on snow cover in the assessment.
"Despite that, it was still warm enough that it melted faster and earlier than usual," he said.
The warmth was pervasive across the Arctic. The average land temperature north of 60 degrees latitude, as measured from October 2019 through September, was 1.9 degrees Celsius, or 3.4 degrees Fahrenheit, above the baseline average for 1981-2010 and the second-highest in more than a century of record-keeping.
The outsized influence of the Arctic is why the assessment, called the Arctic Report Card, has been produced annually for the past 15 years by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. More than 130 experts from 15 countries contributed to this year's version, which was issued at the annual conference of the American Geophysical Union.
Donald K. Perovich, a professor at Dartmouth College and the lead author of the chapter on sea ice in the assessment, said that 2007 was a critical year.
"We had the largest drop in ice extent we'd ever seen," he said. "While there have been these variations since, we've never returned to those levels before 2007."
"It's as though we're in this new state," he said.
The age of sea ice is declining as well as the region warms. Three decades ago, ice that was at least 4 years old made up about one-third of the Arctic Ocean pack ice at the end of winter. This year, according to the assessment, old ice accounted for less than 5% of the pack ice.
The increasing dominance of younger, and thus generally thinner, ice has contributed to the reduction in sea-ice extent, Perovich said, since thinner ice is less likely to last through a single season.
The shift from old to young ice has also led to a decline in overall ice volume. Volume this year, measured at the end of the melt season in September, was the second-lowest in the 10 years that satellites have been making reliable measurements.
The assessment noted how conditions in the Arctic affected the Mosaic expedition, in which a German research icebreaker was deliberately allowed to freeze into the pack ice Russia and drifted across the Central Arctic for most of a year. The expedition, Mosaic, ended in October when the ship left the pack ice between Greenland and Norway and returned to Germany.
At the beginning of the expedition in September 2019, the ship struggled to find an ice floe to use as a mooring that was thick and stable enough to last through months of drifting. And as the voyage proceeded, the wind patterns that brought such warm temperatures to the Arctic also caused the ice and the ship to drift much faster than expected.
Written by: Henry Fountain
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