Law & Order: Special Victims Unit frequently explores grey areas underlying real sexual assaults.
The most familiar female cop on television is staring into the eyes of yet another rape victim. She looks like the victim of a violent street abduction - bruised, swollen and scratched.
Olivia Benson speaks calmly, her voice full of practised concern. "This man, can you describe him?"
The victim takes a breath. "Yes," she says. "Yes, I know him."
Benson, played by Mariska Hargitay, doesn't look surprised.
In the episode, as in nearly all its 372 episodes to date, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit presents a relatively nuanced portrait of sexual assault - one that a new study shows could actually be changing our society's views of sex crimes.
Researchers at Washington State University who study the way the media influences the public have long been curious about crime procedural dramas, which have proliferated to the extent that kinky serial killers are as commonplace on the airwaves as wacky sitcom neighbours.
Lead researcher Stacey J. T. Hust wondered: Do these shows make us more intelligent about crime, or more indifferent to it?
Hust and her team sent out a survey to WSU's dorm-dwelling freshmen, seeking data on which crime shows they watch. They also asked them their views of sexual assault, such as what they believe it means for a person to consent to sex and whether they think some victims "ask for it".
Unsurprisingly, the most popular crime shows were the long-running franchises Law & Order, CSI and NCIS. But after controlling for factors like gender and experience with sexual assault, the researchers found only the Law & Order dramas had a positive effect on students' views. NCIS had a mostly neutral effect, while CSI's was actually negative.
Students who watched Law & Order were less likely to buy into rape myths, more likely to adhere to their partner's decision about whether or not to have sex, and more likely to say no themselves to sexual activity they did not want, the researchers concluded.
"We can't say that watching Law & Order causes this," Hust clarified, "but we know there is a definite association there."
Her hypothesis: Law & Ordervictims don't cleave to stereotypes. They're not necessarily alone or in an unsafe place or dressed "provocatively" when attacked.
The attackers are of all races, ages and socioeconomic statuses. Even when the victim is a sex worker or porn star, the stories assert they had every right to refuse sex. And the criminal is almost always found guilty.
"According to social cognitive theory, seeing them punished for that action will likely make the viewer think, 'I don't want to do that. I don't want that punishment,'" Hust said.
The habitually violent show is not without its critics, who argue its plots veer towards seamy sensationalism.
But accurately portraying the complications of sex crimes in the justice system is an ongoing concern at NBC, where SVU executive producer and showrunner Warren Leight is tasked with making entertainment out of real-life scenarios, such as Rolling Stone's publication of false sexual assault claims.
"What makes the SVU harder for detectives is it's the only crime where the victim has to prove they didn't want the crime to happen," Leight said. "No one says, 'Are you sure you didn't want to get your TV stolen?'"
Meanwhile, the study found that people who watch CSI showed less inclination to seek consent or refuse unwanted sexual activity. Hust blames specific episodes for reinforcing stereotypes of victims who are to blame for their own assault.
SVU, though, frequently explores the grey areas that underlie real-life sexual assaults. On an upcoming episode, a teenage girl willingly accompanies a boy to a dark, loud basement party. She says he raped her, while he feels that the act was consensual.
"I don't think either of them is lying," Leight said. "His character is not a player or a predator. He was just so unaware of her he didn't notice she wasn't into it."
That episode drew on consultations with a defence attorney and a lawyer who advocates for rape victims, along with the former sex-crimes prosecutor and investigator who read every script.
"They said very often, it's the kids less able to assert and articulate themselves who find themselves in these situations, because they don't want to upset the guy," Leight said.
"They might text him back the next day, for example, and that looks terrible in court ... But then, are we blaming the victim? It's tricky turf."
Hargitay, meanwhile, has parlayed her role into advocacy for victims of sexual assault and domestic violence. Her Joyful Heart Foundation runs seminars for the show's writers, and she frequently weighs in storylines and dialogue.
"You have so much more responsibility as an actor or writer in this show," Leight said. "If it was a zombie show, people would not come up to you and say 'My family was attacked by zombies once and that episode really meant a lot to me.' But people write, email, tweet to us and say very personal things." Washington Post
The Australian site cited a 'heightened threat level' as the issue.