The music icon was surrounded by family and friends when she died at 9.50am on Thursday local time.
The clarity and the command. The daring and the discipline. The thrill of her voice and the truth of her emotions.
Like the best actors and poets, nothing came between how Aretha Franklin felt and what she could express, between what she expressed and how we responded. Blissful on Natural Woman. Despairing on Ain't No Way. Up front forever on her feminist and civil rights anthem Respect. Franklin, the glorious "Queen of Soul" and genius of American song, died yesterday (Thursday morning local time) at her home in Detroit of pancreatic cancer. She was 76.
Few performers were so universally idolised by peers and critics and so exalted and yet so familiar to their fans. As surely as Jimi Hendrix settled arguments over who was the No. 1 rock guitarist, Franklin ruled unchallenged as the greatest popular vocalist of her time.
She was "Aretha", a name set in the skies alongside "Jimi" and "Elvis" and "John and Paul".
A professional singer and pianist by her late teens, a superstar by her mid-20s, she recorded hundreds of songs that covered virtually every genre and she had dozens of hits.
But her legacy was defined by an extraordinary run of top-10 soul smashes in the late 1960s that brought to the radio an overwhelming intensity and unprecedented maturity, from the wised-up Chain of Fools to the urgent warning to Think.
Aretha Franklin poses with her Grammy Award for for best female R&B vocal performance for "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" in 1975. Photo / AP
Acknowledging the obvious, Rolling Stone ranked her first on its list of the top 100 singers. Franklin was also named one of the 20 most important entertainers of the 20th century by Time magazine, which celebrated her "mezzo-soprano, the gospel growls, the throaty howls, the girlish vocal tickles, the swoops, the dives, the blue-sky high notes, the blue-sea low notes. Female vocalists don't get the credit as innovators that male instrumentalists do. They should. Franklin has mastered her instrument as surely as John Coltrane mastered his sax".
The music industry couldn't honour her enough: Franklin won 18 Grammy awards and, in 1987, became the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
But her status went beyond "artist" or "entertainer" to America's first singer, as if her very presence at state occasions was a kind of benediction. She performed at the inaugural balls of presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter, at the funeral for civil rights pioneer Rosa Parks and the dedication of Martin Luther King jnr's memorial. Clinton gave Franklin the National Medal of Arts and President George W. Bush awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honour. Her best-known appearance with a president was in January 2009, when she sang My Country 'tis of Thee at President Barack Obama's first inauguration.
Her voice transcended age, category and her own life. Franklin endured the exhausting grind of celebrity and personal troubles dating back to childhood. The mother of two boys by age 16 (she later had two more), she struggled with her weight, family problems and financial setbacks. Her strained marriage in the 1960s to then-manager Ted White was widely believed to have inspired her performances on several songs, including Since You've Been Gone, Think and Ain't No Way. Producer Jerry Wexler nicknamed her "Our Lady of Mysterious Sorrows".
Aretha Franklin in 1973. Photo / AP
Despite growing up in Detroit, and having Smokey Robinson as a childhood friend, Franklin never recorded for Motown Records; stints with Columbia and Arista were sandwiched around her prime years with Atlantic Records.
But it was at Detroit's New Bethel Baptist Church, where her father was pastor, that Franklin learned the gospel fundamentals that would make her a soul institution.
Aretha Louise Franklin was born March 25, 1942, in Memphis, Tennessee. The Reverend C.L. Franklin soon moved his family to Buffalo, New York, then to Detroit, where the Franklins settled after the marriage of Aretha's parents collapsed and her mother (and reputed sound-alike) Barbara returned to Buffalo.
C.L. Franklin was among the most prominent Baptist ministers of his time. He recorded dozens of albums of sermons and music and knew such gospel stars as Marion Williams and Clara Ward, who mentored Aretha and her sisters Carolyn and Erma (Both sisters sang on Aretha's records, and Carolyn also wrote Ain't No Way and other songs for Aretha). Music was the family business and performers from Sam Cooke to Lou Rawls were guests at the Franklin house. In the living room, the shy young Aretha awed friends with her playing on the grand piano.
Franklin was in her early teens when she began touring with her father, and in 1956 she released a gospel album through J-V-B Records. Four years later, she signed with Columbia Records producer John Hammond, who called Franklin the most exciting singer he had heard since a vocalist he promoted decades earlier, Billie Holiday.
Franklin knew Motown founder Berry Gordy jnr and considered joining his label, but decided it was just a local company at the time.
Franklin recorded several albums for Columbia Records over the next six years.
She had a handful of minor hits but never quite caught on.
President George W. Bush awards singer Aretha Franklin the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award, the highest civilian award, in 2005. Photo / AP
"But the years at Columbia also taught her several important things," critic Russell Gersten later wrote. "She worked hard at controlling and modulating her phrasing, giving her a discipline that most other soul singers lacked.
She also developed a versatility with mainstream music that gave her later albums a breadth that was lacking on Motown LPs from the same period. Most important, she also learned what she didn't like: To do what she was told to do."
In 1966, her contract ran out and she jumped to Atlantic, home to such rhythm and blues giants as Ray Charles. Wexler highlighted her piano playing and teamed her with veteran R&B musicians from Fame Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The result rocked as hard as the Rolling Stones while returning her to her gospel roots.
Her breakthrough was so profound that Ebony Magazine called 1967 the year of "'Retha, Rap and Revolt". At a time of protest and division, Franklin's records were signposts to a distant American dream - a musical union of the church and the secular, man and woman, black and white, North and South, East and West. They were produced and engineered by New Yorkers Wexler and Tom Dowd, arranged by Turkish-born Arif Mardin and backed by an inter-racial gathering of top session musicians.
"In black neighbourhoods and white universities, in the clubs and on the charts, her hits came like cannonballs, blowing holes in the stylised bouffant and chiffon Motown sound," Gerri Hirshey wrote in Nowhere to Run, a history of soul music that was published in 1984. "Here was a voice with a sexual payload that made the doo-wop era, the girl groups, and the Motown years seem like a pimply adolescence."
Aretha Franklin performs at the world premiere of "Clive Davis: The Soundtrack of Our Lives" at Radio City Music Hall in 2017. Photo / AP
From her years at Atlantic and through the rest of her life, she would rarely stick to anyone else's blueprint for a song, often revising her own hits when she performed them on stage.
One of her boldest transformations came on her signature record and first No. 1 hit, Respect, a horn-led march with a chanting "sock-it-to-me" chorus and the spelled out demand for "R-E-S-P-E-C-T". Franklin had decided she wanted to "embellish" the R&B song written by Otis Redding, whose version had been a modest hit in 1965.
"When she walked into the studio, it was already worked out in her head," Wexler wrote in Rolling Stone magazine in 2004. "Otis came up to my office right before Respect was released, and I played him the tape. He said, 'She done took my song'. He said it benignly and ruefully. He knew the identity of the song was slipping away from him to her."
In a 2004 interview with Florida's St Petersburg Times, Franklin was asked whether she sensed in the 60s that she was helping change popular music. "Somewhat, certainly with Respect, that was a battle cry for freedom and many people of many ethnicities took pride in that word," she answered. "It was meaningful to all of us."
She was rarely off the charts in 1967 and 1968 and continued to click in the early 1970s with the funky Rock Steady and other singles and such acclaimed albums as the intimate Spirit in the Dark.
Her popularity faded during the decade, but revived in 1980 with a cameo appearance in the smash movie The Blues Brothers and her switch to Arista Records, run by her close friend Clive Davis.
Franklin collaborated with such pop and soul artists as Luther Vandross, Elton John, Whitney Houston and George Michael, with whom she recorded a No. 1 single, I Knew You Were Waiting. Her 1985 album Who's Zoomin' Who received some of her best reviews and included such hits as the title track, a phrase she came up with herself, and Freeway of Love.
Fans have been paying tributes to Aretha Franklin, including at her star at the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Photo / AP
If she never quite recaptured the urgency and commercial success of the late 60s, she never relinquished her status as the singer among singers or lost her willingness to test herself, whether interpreting songs by Lauryn Hill and Sean "Diddy" Combs on her acclaimed A Rose Is Still a Rose album or filling in at the 1998 Grammy ceremony for an ailing Luciano Pavarotti.
She covered songs by Ray Charles, the Rolling Stones and Sam Cooke, but also by Stephen Sondheim, Bread and the Doobie Brothers. At an early recording session at Columbia, she was asked to sing Over the Rainbow.
"If a song's about something I've experienced or that could've happened to me, it's good," she told Time in 1968. "But if it's alien to me, I couldn't lend anything to it. Because that's what soul is about - just living and having to get along."
Being "Aretha" didn't keep her from checking out the competition. Billing herself on social media as "The Undisputed Queen of Soul", she lashed out at Beyonce for even suggesting that Tina Turner deserved the title and had sharp words for Mavis Staples and Gladys Knight, among others. She even threatened to sue Dionne Warwick in 2017.
Her albums over the past two decades included So Damn Happy, for which Franklin wrote the gratified title ballad, and Aretha Sings the Great Diva Classics, featuring covers of hits by the likes of Adele and Alicia Keys.
Franklin's autobiography, Aretha: From These Roots, came out in 1999. But she always made it clear that her story would continue, and that she would sing it.
"Music is my thing, it's who I am. I'm in it for the long run," she told the Associated Press in 2008. "I'll be around, singing, 'What you want, baby I got it', having fun all the way."
