"Before Weinstein happened, acknowledging the emotional and psychological injuries that could be inflicted on set just didn't happen," says Ita O'Brien, a British intimacy coordinator who is responsible for the many provocative scenes in a new Netflix drama, Sex Education. "Now people want to change that."
Historically, the problem with filming intimate scenes has been that little consideration is given to what unfolds within them. "In many situations you're pretty much just left to get on with it," explains O'Brien. "You'll get to the sex scene and be told, 'Now you two just work it out for yourselves' or, 'Just go for it'."
For Fatal Attraction, Michael Douglas and Glenn Close were plied with champagne and margaritas and left to crack on with it.
In 2014, Jean-Marc Vallée, the director of Wild, told The New York Times: "It wasn't specifically planned for this guy to take Reese [Witherspoon], to turn her on her back, and [simulate sex] from behind, but it just happened as we were shooting."
Bernardo Bertolucci and Marlon Brando notoriously came up with the butter stunt for Last Tango in Paris at breakfast - an idea that left the unprepared Maria Schneider feeling like she had been "a little raped".
Intimacy coordinators set out to better prepare everybody involved - from the costume designers to the cast - for what is about to happen and help choreograph the sex scene to the satisfaction of actor and director alike.
O'Brien, who trained as a dancer, compares it to a waltz where, instead of steps and turns, "you might have someone saying, 'I'll get on top of you, I'll stare into your eyes, I'll put my hand around your neck, I'll gaze into your eyes once more and then we kiss'."
HBO has supported the idea. In October, the American network, which is responsible for such sex-laden series as Game of Thrones and Westworld, made headlines when it announced it was hiring intimacy coordinators for all of its shows.
Alicia Rodis worked on The Deuce, a drama about Manhattan's sex trade in the Seventies.
As the intimacy coordinator, her changes ranged from the small and practical, such as supplying actors with covering underwear or pads to kneel on, to the more profound - namely making actors feel they had power over their own bodies.
"There's a real taboo on the word 'No' in this industry. If an actor says it, they're being difficult, or a diva, or not dedicated enough," says Claire Warden, of Intimacy Directors International, in New York.
"We're saying, 'Where's your no? Where's your yes?'," explains O'Brien. "Then we positively can work with the 'Yes'. It means both actors know that their bodies are being respected and they don't need to worry about touching their partners somewhere they'd be uncomfortable with, because everything's been discussed."
Sex Education follows the repressed son of a sex therapist (Gillian Anderson) as he doles out advice to his anxiety-addled, promiscuous classmates. It makes Skins, the edgy teen drama that ran on Channel 4 in the UK for several years, look tame. There is much full-frontal nudity from a cast barely into their twenties.
"Because it was a young cast, everybody knew they had to take good care," says O'Brien. Boundaries were drawn, scenes were well rehearsed and, when it came to filming, it was done on a closed set - meaning just the director, the director of photography and the focus puller (responsible for maintaining image sharpness) were present.
"The actors knew what they were doing, everything was in character and the storytelling is in the director's vision."
Such control can prove controversial. As director Judd Apatow has said: "If it's overly rehearsed or overly thought through, it seems like bad soft-core porn."
Warden says she's "come up against that a lot" and argues that a well directed sex scene requires proper acting just like any other.
"People think that we're dumbing down or sanitising stories of sex," she says. "Any actor who says [scenes shouldn't be overly rehearsed] wouldn't like someone to improvise violence on them. There's a difference between real and authentic. 'Real' is an actor who has just met her co-star and is really scared. That's not the story in the rom-com you want to tell."
While proper intimacy direction leads to swifter takes ("filming of it is more streamlined and quicker because everybody knows what they're doing"), O'Brien says that she has been met with resistance: "I've had both actors and directors saying, 'You don't need to make such a big thing of it, we just want to go for it.' People put on bravado, they're a bit embarrassed."
Intimacy co-ordination is far from being the rule across the industry. O'Brien says "there's a long way to go", but insists, along with Warden, that further uptake would be better for actors and make for more entertaining results on screen. "When it's not all left to chance, we can really find those shifts in emotion," she adds. "It creates a way better sex scene."
