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"One good thing about music," sang the late Bob Marley, "when it hits you, you feel no pain,"
But the great reggae superstar may have been wrong. New research suggests pop music can create measurable physical reactions of sadness, happiness and exhilaration.
According to the research, the saddest of 10 sad songs is The Verve's mournful classic The Drugs Don't Work, the most exhilarating song is Blur's Britpop anthem Song 2 and the happiest, newcomer Lily Allen's LDN.
The songs were rated by researchers according to heart rate, respiratory response and skin temperature among volunteers in a controlled environment.
Dr Harry Witchel, the scientist who conducted the research, said: "We wanted to determine how people actually responded physically to music, as opposed to how they said they felt about it."
"It is the difference, for example, between groaning when a familiar record comes on but finding you are tapping your feet to it."
The Verve song topped a selection of 10 other sad songs, which included Robbie Williams' Angels, Elton John's Sorry Seems to be the Hardest Word and Sinead O'Connor's Nothing Compares to U.
Although nominally about recreational drugs, Verve frontman Richard Ashcroft's song has a double meaning, since it was written in response to the death of his father.
Taken from the 1997 Verve album Urban Hymns, it provided the band with their only number one single.
The Verve split up in 1999 and Ashcroft, considered by many to be one of the finest voices to emerge from the Britpop era, has since had a fitful solo career, noticeably appearing at last year's Live8 concert in London.
Witchel, an expert in physiology at the University of Bristol Medical School, said: "Music is undeniably powerful at triggering different emotional states. Changes in tempo and frequencies induce profoundly different emotional states."
"A slow-tempo song like the Verve's The Drugs Don't Work slows the heart compared to most of the other songs and compared to white noise; in other words, it works like the emotional state of sadness."
Using 30 songs selected by the Official UK Charts Company, which compiles the weekly pop charts from sales, Witchel, whose research was sponsored by mobile phone company Nokia, measured the effect on a representative sample of 15 volunteers with a broad range of musical tastes.
The level of sighs per minute (indicating the recall of happy memories) plus low-level boredom, was used for happy songs; sad tracks were indicated by decreased heart rate; and exhilarating tunes by increase in breaths per minute.
As well as Lily Allen's LDN the "happy" list included Beyonce's Crazy In Love, Britney Spears' Hit Me Baby One More Time and Kylie Minogue's Spinning Around.
Dr Witchel said it was surprising that the Allen song topped the list since, although it had a strong musical beat, the lyrics were quite sad.
The "exhilarating" list also contained well-known anthems such as the Rolling Stones' Start Me Up and U2's Beautiful Day.
Dr Witchel, who used to play drums in Rolling Stones' and Beatles' cover bands, said scientific investigations of pop music were rare; most research concentrated on classical music, seen to be more worthy of study.
- INDEPENDENT
