Led Zeppelin founders Jimmy Page and Robert Plant lost their bid to avoid a trial that may rewrite the history of rock 'n' roll over song-writing credit for the 1971 classic Stairway to Heaven.
A federal judge in Los Angeles ruled that a jury must decide whether the British rockersripped off the opening licks of Taurus, recorded by a band named Spirit that once played concerts with Zeppelin. The judge dismissed some claims in the lawsuit and also said the plaintiff can get only half of any jury award of damages.
The lawsuit was brought in 2014, 43 years after Stairway to Heaven was released, on behalf of the late Randy California, Spirit's guitarist and the composer of Taurus. A trust created by his mother and administered by a former rock journalist alleged in the complaint that Page lifted the opening guitar plucks in Stairway from an instrumental that California had written in 1966 for his girlfriend. According to trustee Michael Skidmore, Page had asked California to teach him the chords to Taurus in 1969, when the two groups would sometimes tour together.
In February, Page, Plant, Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones and Warner Music Group Corp. asked U.S. District Judge R. Gary Klausner to throw out Skidmore's lawsuit, arguing that California was a songwriter for hire who didn't own the copyright to his composition. Even if he did, they argued, the similarity between Stairway to Heaven and Taurus was limited to a "descending chromatic scale of pitches" that have been known for centuries and are too commonplace in music to be entitled to copyright protection.
Klausner parsed details of harmonics and rhythm in his April 8 ruling concluding the dispute couldn't be settled without a trial.
"While it is true that a descending chromatic four-chord progression is a common convention that abounds in the music industry, the similarities here transcend this core structure," Klausner said. "For example, the descending bass line in both Taurus and Stairway to Heaven appears at the beginning of both songs, arguably the most recognizable and important segments."
Stairway to Heaven is one of the most successful rock songs of all time, having earned hundreds of millions of dollars. Since Led Zeppelin's first album in 1969, the band was known to have drawn inspiration from other musicians, some of whom brought legal challenges many years later. As a result, the band has been forced to alter the credits and redirect portions of royalties for some of its biggest songs, including Whole Lotta Love and Babe I'm Gonna Leave You.
The statute of limitations for civil copyright infringement under U.S. law is three years, but courts often interpret that limit as only restricting back royalties to the previous three years, not barring old infringement claims.
To show infringement under U.S. copyright law, a claimant generally needs to demonstrate that an original work was copied to make a new work that was substantially similar, and that the copier had access to the original work.
California didn't complain publicly about Stairway to Heaven until a 1997 magazine interview. He drowned that same year while rescuing his 12-year-old son from a rip current in Hawaii.
