Ghibli was set up nearly 30 years ago by Miyazaki and his long-term collaborator, Isao Takahata; a decade before that, in 1972, they had first worked together on a half-hour cartoon with the only-in-Japan title, Panda! Go, Panda! Since then, their films have been fabulously diverse. Miyazaki's 1992 work Porco Rosso, for instance, features the barnstorming escapades of an ace fighter pilot who happens to be a pig, while Takahata's 1988 classic Grave of the Fireflies could well be the most drainingly grim war movie ever made.
The company's founding film, 1984's Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind, directed by Miyazaki and produced by Takahata, is a post-apocalyptic sci-fi adventure, while Miyazaki's Spirited Away, which won the 2003 Oscar for Best Animated Film, sees a 10-year-old girl working in a bath house for ghosts and demons.
But as far-ranging as Studio Ghibli's films are, the majority are linked by their gentle pacing, compassion, spooky surrealism, fascination with unspoilt nature, utterly authentic pre-teen protagonists, and conviction that modern Japan is only a whisker away from an extraordinary realm of fairy tale.
Hayao Miyazaki. Photo / AP
And it is Miyazaki who has defined Studio Ghibli's style. The company has released films by other directors - including five by Takahata and two by Miyasaki's son Goro - but it is Miyazaki who is revered by those who prefer their cartoons to be more esoteric and evocative than standard Hollywood fare.
"The outstanding characteristic of Mr Miyazaki's work," says Kosaka, "is that he transfers himself into the things he is drawing. Therefore, even in a fantastical universe, there is a strange feeling of reality. There is a Japanese proverb, 'Don't carve the Buddha without putting your soul into it', which basically means that we don't settle for things that have been made in a perfunctory manner."
It's a philosophy that has brought Miyazaki a devout following in the West. Pixar's John Lasseter, an old friend, has called Miyazaki "the world's greatest living animator". Quite apart from the extravagant imagination of the films, what's so thrilling about them is their use of hand-drawn characters on lushly hand-painted backgrounds, with minimal help from computer-generated imagery.
When Miyazaki was directing the 1997 epic Princess Mononoke, he drew 80,000 of the film's frames himself.
Geoffrey Wexler, the chief of Studio Ghibli's International Division, has no doubt that such mind-boggling feats are worth the effort. "The attention to detail and the hand-drawn quality really touches people of all ages," says Wexler, an American based in Tokyo. "The films are akin to a beautiful piece of music or a splendid painting. You might not know why it touches you so much, but it does. I also think the stories are wonderfully complex. They don't explain much, they leave it to the audience to figure things out for themselves. And our characters don't keep to the lines of good or evil. They can be kind, and then do something quite unattractive. They have vagueness and ambiguity. They confound our expectations. I never know what to expect when I watch one of our films, even though I've read the screenplays and looked at the storyboards."
In comparison to a Studio Ghibli production, even the most inspired of American cartoons can seem glib and formulaic. On the other hand, the "vagueness and ambiguity" extolled by Wexler may explain why Miyazaki's films remain cult hits in the West, rather than the blockbusters they are on their home turf.
"Vague storytelling doesn't go down as well in America as it does in other countries," laments Wexler. "What's more, our films aren't computer-generated and they're not in 3D, so they're not just perceived as foreign films in America; they have multiple levels of foreignness. There are a lot of battles still to be won."
Miyazaki's final film, The Wind Rises, has prompted battles of its own. It received an Oscar nomination in this year's Best Animated Feature category, but it has stirred up controversy, in Japan and abroad. Rooted more deeply in historical fact than most Studio Ghibli films, it's a biopic of Jiro Horikoshi, designer of the Mitsubishi Zero planes used throughout the Pacific in World War II. Towards the end of the war, many were flown by kamikaze pilots. Some critics say Miyazaki's tender reverie is too soft on Horikoshi; others say it's too hard.
World War II aeronautics have always been close to Miyazaki's heart. His father's company manufactured rudders for Mitsubishis, and "Ghibli" was the nickname of the Caproni Ca.309, an Italian plane from the same period. The Wind Rises is principally a love letter to an era when manned flight seemed impossibly magical and glamorous. But it's also Miyazaki's veiled autobiography, its hero being a man in thick-framed glasses who sits tirelessly at his drawing board, sketching things that have never been seen before.
For Wexler, the principal trait that Miyazaki and Horikoshi share is perseverance. "The common theme of all our films is the characters' tenacity," he adds. "They're about facing challenges you weren't expecting and finding reserves of strength you didn't know you had. You certainly need that working in hand-drawn animation. It's a long, long task. The Wind Rises was a product of at least five years' work."
That being the case, we can hardly blame Miyazaki for preferring to curate exhibitions and publish graphic novels from now on. But a Studio Ghibli with no new films from its creative visionary is unthinkable, isn't it? "It is unthinkable," says Wexler, "but it's happened. We have two more films in production, and we have a library of films which we're transferring to digital and putting out on blu-ray. But it's a small studio, and the future is ..."
Uncertain? "'Uncertain' would be an appropriate adjective."
What: The Wind Rises, the final film to be directed by Japanese animation master Hayao Miyazaki
Screening: The Wind Rises is screening as part of this weekend's New Zealand International Film Festival's Autumn Events programme. Starting tomorrow at the Civic Theatre, the mini-festival features a line-up of classics including Funny Face, On the Waterfront, Dr Strangelove, Aguirre, the Wrath of God, and The Third Man. The Wind Rises screens in two versions on Saturday - the English dubbed version (midday Saturday) and subtitled (6pm Sunday).
- TimeOut / Independent
