English actor Roger Moore as 007, surrounded by bikini-clad women in a publicity still for the James Bond film 'For Your Eyes Only', February 1981. (Photo by Keith Hamshere/Getty Images)
English actor Roger Moore as 007, surrounded by bikini-clad women in a publicity still for the James Bond film 'For Your Eyes Only', February 1981. (Photo by Keith Hamshere/Getty Images)
By Monica Germanà
Director Danny Boyle has said he wants to bring James Bond up to speed with "the modern world". He was responding to a question about the impact of the #MeToo and Time's Up campaigns on the Bond film due to be released in November 2019 — and the expectation that this will affect the portrayal of the obligatory "Bond Girl(s)" in the movie.
Accusations of sexism against 007 are far from new — and far from unfounded. But in the light of rekindled feminist activism, dismissals of female agency in the film franchise display a deeply conservative approach to the representation of female sexuality and oppression in the arts industry.
Take the villainous Fiona Volpe in 1965's Thunderball, who chastised Bond's sexual arrogance and established herself as a woman to be reckoned with. In a post-coital moment she delivers this withering put down: "James Bond, who only has to make love to a woman and she starts to hear heavenly choirs singing. She repents and immediately returns to the side of right and virtue. But not this one. What a blow it must have been, you having a failure."
Fiona's pungent sarcasm is a fit riposte to Bond's sexual innuendos and patronising attitude to women. It is her desire that threatens Bond.
In GoldenEye (1995), Xenia Onatopp's assertive sexual preferences — "Straight up, with a twist", she says when Bond asks her how she takes it (her Vodka Martini) — mean that her satisfaction frequently comes from sadistic violence and, in particular, her ability to strangle men with her thighs.
Silly names, skimpy clothing In response to Boyle's statements, The Daily Mail's suggestion that "Movie spy's women will now be written 'with the modern world in mind' rather than with 'silly names and skimpy clothing'," draws a simplistic link between the display of the female body and sexism. But to associate the display of beauty with oppression denies women any form of agency. Bond Girls do not "primarily exist to look sexy and impressed", as Barbara Ellen suggests in The Observer. They dress to impress (and kill).
In a 1975 study, British film scholar Laura Mulvey said that in classic cinema the male gaze controlled and reduced on-screen female presence to a passive object of desire. UK film theorist Pam Cook replied that in Mulvey's argument: "Display is seen as passive; it is simply a reflection of the male protagonist/spectator's obsessive anxieties focused on the female body. Thinking, instead, of female exhibitionism in active terms grants female actors and characters, as well as women across the world, more agency than any sartorial censorship."
Sean Connery with Ursula Andress in a scene from the film 'James Bond: Dr. No', 1962. (Photo by United Artist/Getty Images)
Nasty books, nastier films? Australian feminist writer Clementine Ford says Bond's women "are beautiful, intelligent, often duplicitous — and all highly discardable". But the fact that some have to die, directly or indirectly, at Bond's hands is further proof of 007's profound anxiety about, rather than being a dismissal of, women's sexual emancipation.
Violence and sadism may in fact alert female spectators to the manipulative ways in which patriarchy can and does oppress women. Discussing misogyny in Hitchcock's films, American scholar Tania Modleski argues that: "Insofar as ... films repeatedly reveal the way women are oppressed in patriarchy, they allow the female spectator to feel an anger that is very different from the masochistic response imputed to her by some feminist critics".
For instance, in relation to the Bond films, in 2005 American sociologist Linda Lindsey claimed that: "In four decades of James Bond films ... women are depicted enjoying rape". Such a statement relies on a dubious notion that rape can ever be enjoyable, and does not take into account the complexity of female desire.
Honor Blackman as the character Pussy Galore in the film Goldfinger - part of the James Bond franchise based on the books by Ian Fleming picture supplied
Lindsey is not alone in drawing attention to the violence of the Bond cultural products. In his 1958 article, "Sex, snobbery and sadism", Paul Johnson called Fleming's Dr No "the nastiest book I have ever read".
There are also uncomfortable moments in the films. Bond hits Tatiana Romanova in From Russia with Love (1963) and Tracy di Vincenzo in On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969). Villains often have sadistic tendencies. Jill Masterson's gold-coated corpse in Goldfinger (1964) is later echoed in Strawberry Fields' body covered in crude oil in Quantum of Solace (2008). In Moonraker, Corinne is brutally killed by dogs; in The Spy Who Loved Me, a shark devours Stromberg's assistant.
Challenge misogyny Ben Child recently argued in The Guardian that the negotiation of the darker side of Bond "would be much easier to accept ... if the dapper secret agent were not sold as the epitome of British suavity and a role model for young men". But while the avoidance of its glorification seems crucial, elimination of violence from the films is not.
A politically correct Bond movie would be detrimental to the pursuit of gender equality. Writers have concerns about the new Staunch Prize, awarded for a thriller novel not featuring any violence against women. As Sophie Hannah puts it: "Ignoring brutality ... won't make it go away — we should challenge prejudice, not celebrate it."
That's exactly what the next Bond film should do.
• Monica Germanà is Senior Lecturer in English Literature and Creative Writing, University of Westminster
