Chuck Berry, the perpetual wild man of rock music who helped define its rebellious spirit in the 1950s and was the sly poet laureate of songs about girls, cars, school and even the "any old way you choose it" vitality of the music itself, died March 18 at his home in St. Charles County, Missouri. He was 90.
St. Charles County police announced the death in a Facebook post on its website, saying officers responded to a medical emergency at Berry's home, administered lifesaving techniques but could not revive him. No further information was available.
#SCCPDNEWS: St. Charles County police responded to a medical emergency on Buckner Road at approximately 12:40 p.m. today...
"While no individual can be said to have invented rock and roll, Chuck Berry comes the closest of any single figure to being the one who put all the essential pieces together," reads Berry's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986.
A seminal figure in early rock music, he was all the rarer still for writing, singing and playing his own music. His songs and the boisterous performance standards he set directly influenced the Beatles and the Rolling Stones and later Bruce Springsteen and Bob Seger.
In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine named him No. 6 on its list of the greatest guitarists of all time. Berry so embodied the American rock tradition that his recording of "Johnny B. Goode"was included on a disc launched into space on the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1977.
Besides Berry, members of the rock hall of fame's inaugural class included Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, James Brown, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino and the Everly Brothers. Of those he survived, Berry remained the most indefatigable and acclaimed performer, playing concerts all over the world well into his 80s.
Despite John Lennon's oft-quoted quip - "If you tried to give rock-and-roll another name, you might call it 'Chuck Berry' "- Berry was an unlikely idol for a burgeoning teen subculture that he sang about at the dawn of the rock era.
He was 30, married and the father of two when he made his first recording, "Maybellene"in 1955. The song - a story of a man in a Ford V8 chasing his unfaithful girlfriend in a Cadillac Coupe de Ville - charted No. 1 on Billboard's rhythm-and-blues chart and No.5 on the pop music charts.
It was soon followed by "Rock and Roll Music"("it's got a backbeat, you can't lose it") and "Sweet Little Sixteen," whose astute reference to the teen-oriented TV show "American Bandstand"("Well, they'll be rockin' on Bandstand, Philadelphia, P.A.") helped him connect to adolescent record-buyers.
With his lithe, athletic body, high cheekbones and perfectly pomaded hair, Berry personified the dangerous appeal of rock. He'd grin salaciously and telegraph the lyrics with a wide-eyed, almost childlike exuberance and then shoot across the stage, unleashing a staccato burst of bright, blaring guitar notes.
When he went into his signature "duck walk," his legs seemed to be made of rubber, and his whole body moved with clocklike precision -- the visual statement of his music's kinetic energy. His charisma was the gold standard for all the rock-and-roll extroverts who followed.
He once told The Washington Post that he initiated the duck walk at the Brooklyn Paramount theatre in 1956, based on a pose he sometimes struck as a child.
"I had nothing else to do during the instrumental part of the song," he said. "I did it, and here comes the applause. Well, I knew to coin anything that was that entertaining, so I kept it up."
Berry performs his 'duck walk' as he plays his electric hollowbody guitar at the TAMI Show on December 29, 1964. Photo / AP
Berry was credited with penning more than 100 songs, the best known of which used carefully crafted rhymes and offered tightly written vignettes about American life. They became an influential part of the national soundtrack for generations of listeners and practitioners.
"Back in the USA" (1959), later covered by Linda Ronstadt, delighted in an America where "hamburgers sizzle on an open grill night and day." And "School Day (Ring! Ring! Goes the Bell)" (1957), written about the over-crowded St. Louis schools of Berry's youth, became an anthem for bored, restless kids everywhere.
The Beach Boys had a hit record with "Surfin' USA" (1963), its melody borrowed without credit from "Sweet Little Sixteen." The Beatles began their first US concert, at the Washington Coliseum, with "Roll Over Beethoven"(1956), whose narrator, in the throes of "the rockin' pneumonia," issues the fevered command: "Roll over Beethoven, tell Tchaikovsky the news."
And when Bob Dylan turned toward electric rock-and-roll, he acknowledged that his "Subterranean Homesick Blues"(1965) borrowed its meter almost directly from Berry's "Too Much Monkey Business" (1956).
Perhaps the most performed of his songs - indeed, one of the most performed of all rock songs - was "Johnny B. Goode"(1957). Its storyline embodied Berry's experience as an African-American born into segregation who lived to see "his name in lights:"
"The gateway from freedom, I was told, was somewhere near New Orleans where most Africans were sorted through and sold"into slavery, Berry wrote in his self-titled 1987 memoir. "I'd been told my grandfather lived 'back up in the woods among the evergreens' in a log cabin. I revived the era with a story about a 'coloured boy named Johnny B. Goode'."
Berry said he knew the song could have a wider appeal. "I thought it would seem biased to my white fans to say 'coloured boy' so I changed it to 'country boy,' "he added.
In an interview with The Washington Post this year, rock historian Albin Zak called Berry a "very literate"wordsmith but that more important was the "durability"of his songs.
"In early rock-and-roll, there were so many one-hit wonders, but Chuck had so many hits that he was one of the most recognisable stars in the business," Zak said. "When rock became solidified in 1964 and the British invasion comes along with bands like the Beatles and Rolling Stones performing Chuck Berry songs, it seals the deal on the vitality of that repertoire. His music became tradition at that point."
Rock and roll musician Chuck Berry does the splits as he plays his Gibson hollowbody electric guitar in 1968. Photo/ Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images
Although his music was rooted in the blues, Berry developed a clearer, more accessible singing style geared to a broader audience. He had been deeply influenced by Nat King Cole, the jazz pianist and crooner known for his impeccable diction.
By the late 1950s, Berry was one of the new music's most prominent stars. He toured with disc jockey Alan Freed's 1957 rock-and-roll revue and appeared in teen-centric movies including "Rock, Rock, Rock!" (1956) and "Go, Johnny, Go!" (1959).
He also played at the 1958 Newport Jazz Festival in Rhode Island - at the urging of producer John Hammond and over the objections of festival founder George Wein.
Wein later wrote in his memoir, "Myself Among Others," that he "literally cringed"when Berry performed his trademark duck walk to "School Day"but that the crowd loved it.
"The grand irony lies in the fact that putting Chuck Berry on at Newport was a daring move that opened the door for similar presentations all over the world," Wein wrote. He grew close to the musician and sponsored his later tours of European jazz festivals.
Despite Berry's charisma, race played a factor in preventing him from achieving Elvis-like levels of commercial success in Hollywood and Las Vegas. He had hits including "No Particular Place to Go"(1964) and "Dear Dad"(1965) and appeared in "The T.A.M.I. Show," a 1965 concert film with James Brown, the Rolling Stones, the Beach Boys and Marvin Gaye. But Berry was relegated to the oldies circuit by the end of the decade.
His 1972 recording, "My Ding-A-Ling," a smutty singalong written by New Orleans bandleader Dave Bartholomew, would be his last entry in the charts and his only hit not to come from his own pen.
Chuck Berry performs 'Johnny B. Goode' at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston on February 26, 2012. Photo / AP
In later decades, Berry did not keep a working band together and often relied on promoters to hire his accompanists.
"Mr. Berry has a long-standing routine for his tours," New York Times music critic Jon Pareles wrote in a 1993 concert review. "He hires middling local musicians when he gets to town and plays for exactly one hour, with no encore."
Pareles added, "But the essence of rock-and-roll is to transform basic formulas through the sheer force of personality, and in that Mr. Berry is a master.... The band couldn't copy the original versions, inadvertently challenging Mr. Berry to remake the way each one was played and sung."
An unrehearsed performance as Berry's backup band often became a rite of passage for younger groups. Springsteen and his E Street Band, still little known in 1973, backed Berry on a bill at the University of Maryland's Cole Fieldhouse that year.
In 1987, in the wake of his induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Berry released his memoir and was the subject of "Chuck Berry: Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll," a documentary and concert film directed by Taylor Hackford and featuring guest performers including Keith Richards, Eric Clapton and Ronstadt.
At the time, Berry said he was wary of accepting a crown - bestowed by critics or peers - as a "king"of rock music.
"What the heck is a king?" he told The Washington Post. "I'm a cog in the wheel. My portion might have been greater than some other guy's, but some other guy's, I'm sure, was greater than mine in some avenues.
"It's not me to toot my horn," he said. "The minute you toot your horn, it seems like society will try and disconnect your battery. And if you do not toot your horn, they'll try their darnedest to give you a horn to toot, or say that you should have a horn.
"It's them that creates the demand, so let them toot the horn."
Berry during a concert celebration for his 60th birthday at the Fox Theatre in St. Louis on October 17, 1986. Photo / AP
Charles Edward Anderson Berry was born on October 18, 1926, in St. Louis. His father was a carpenter and handyman. The family- which included six children -- lived in the Ville, a middle-class African-American neighbourhood.
Although his parents and three of his sisters sang in a Baptist choir, Berry's own youthful tastes gravitated to more secular pop music, including blues singer Muddy Waters, the jump blues saxophonist and singer Louis Jordan, and big bands of Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington.
He was 14 when he began playing guitar and performing at parties, but that was interrupted by a three-year stint in reform school for his role in a bungled armed robbery. After his release, he worked for his father and on an automobile assembly line while studying for a career in hairdressing.
On weekends, he sang at the Cosmopolitan Club in East St. Louis, Illinois, with a group led by pianist Johnnie Johnson, who later played on many of Berry's records. Berry used a tape recorder to work on his songwriting.
At the urging of Muddy Waters, Berry took his demo tapes to Chess Records, the Chicago label that specialised in blues and urban rhythm-and-blues. Label owner Leonard Chess was impressed by "Ida May," a country-and-western-styled tune, and said he would allow Berry to record it if he would change the name to "Maybellene."
American singer and guitarist Chuck Berry is shown at the Grammy Awards in Los Angeles in 1984. Photo / AP
The song's countrified style and Berry's non-bluesy intonation reportedly led many disc jockeys to assume that he was white, and the song's popularity with white record-buyers helped spur his quick rise in the music industry.
Referring to "Wee Wee Hours," a slow blues that was the B side of "Maybellene," Berry told The Post in 1987, "Rhythm and blues is one-tenth of the market, so to speak.... 'Maybellene' was a hit in the other nine-tenths, mostly Caucasian, part of the market, so naturally it's going to take priority over the hit in the one-tenth.
"I was 31," he said, "and to sell in volume, I knew about that kind of commerce. I wasn't going to stay around the neighbourhood.... I'd rather give everybody in the country a little taste, 'cause that's far more in return than selling out in the neighbourhood."
His outspokenness was not always appreciated by music purists, but his savvy about the unsavoury business practices of the day - giving co-writing credits to deejays, such as Alan Freed, in exchange for frequent airplay - propelled his career forward.
Starting in the late 1950s, Berry parlayed his earnings into Club Bandstand, a racially integrated nightclub in St. Louis, and purchased real estate for an amusement park, Berry Park, in Wentzville, Missouri.
But his career was nearly derailed in 1959, when he was arrested on a federal charge of taking a 14-year-old girl across state lines for immoral purposes. He claimed that he didn't know the girl's age and had hired her to work as a hat-check girl in his nightclub. Berry was convicted but granted an appeal on the basis of racist remarks made by the judge. A second trial also ended in a conviction. Berry eventually served 18 months of a three-year sentence and paid a $10,000 fine.
David Gaule, from Springfield, drops off flowers at the statue of music legend Chuck Berry on the Delmar Loop, in University City on Saturday. Photo / AP
He was released in 1963, soon to find his career overtaken by a second wave of rockers and the so-called British invasion of bands, such as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. He rebounded quickly in the music scene but at times continued to be drawn into the headlines by legal troubles.
In 1979, he served four months in Lompoc Federal Prison in California for tax evasion. In his 1987 memoir, he joked about his various prison terms: "My next fall is due around year end of 1996, so I have a while yet."
It would come sooner. In 1989, Hosana Huck, a cook in Berry's St. Louis restaurant, the Southern Air, sued him, claiming that he secretly videotaped her and other women in the establishment's restroom. Huck's suit was followed by a class-action suit by other unnamed women. Berry denied any wrongdoing but settled out of court in 1995 for $1.5 million.
In 1948, Berry married Themetta Suggs, known as Toddy. Information on survivors was not immediately available.
Berry received the top honours of his profession, including a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement in 1984 and the Kennedy Center Honours in 2000.
In later years, when Berry reflected on his age, he always made it clear that he intended to keep rocking as long as he lived.
"Elvis' s songs will always be there, and I hope mine will be after I'm gone," he told the Los Angeles Times in 2002. "But you can't compare that, because he's gone and I'm not!"
