But the worst news for biblical gift-buyers came this week, from Dutch ecologists studying populations of Boswellia in Ethiopia, who warned that numbers of the frankincense-producing tree could halve in the next 15 years and eventually cease altogether if factors such as fire, grazing and insect attack go unchecked.
An extinction of Boswellia would put an end to an age-old trade in the aromatic resin, which peaked under the Roman Empire and still provides materials for the perfume and aromatherapy industries today.
Frankincense is used by firms such as the Body Shop and Ren, which sells Frankincense Revitalising Night Cream.
Harvests of myrrh, another fragrant resin which comes from another species of desert tree, have also suffered from the effects of long-term drought. About 2000 tonnes of frankincense are produced each year.
Researchers gathered population and seed production data on various species of Boswellia over two years. Their study of 13 two-hectare plots in Ethiopia, published in the British Ecological Society's Journal of Applied Ecology, revealed its rapid decline. But it is not the cosmetics industry, but cows and insects that are the mostly likely cause of the decline, the study said.
"Frankincense extraction is unlikely to be the main cause of population decline, which is likely to be caused by burning, grazing and attacks by the long-horn beetle," said Frans Bongers, of Wageningen University in the Netherlands. "The number of fires and intensity of grazing in our study area has increased as a result of a large increase in the number of cattle, and this could be why seedlings fail to grow into saplings.
"Our models show that within 50 years populations of Boswellia will be decimated, and the declining populations mean the frankincense population is doomed."
- Independent
