Why big pharma sees a remedy in data and AI

Billions are being invested into mining patient records in a bid to aid drug discovery. Photo / 123RF

When Mac Holmes noticed a lump in the middle of his chest it took him a year to mention it to his physician. The 55-year-old, who flew packages for FedEx after a 28-year career with the US Air Force, appeared a picture of late middle-aged vigour. But, immediately suspecting the worst, his doctor ordered tests. Days later he was diagnosed with breast cancer, a disease that has spread to his bones.

With women accounting for 99 of every 100 cases of the condition, Lt Col Holmes became an unfortunate member of the 1 per cent club. Yet eight years since his diagnosis he also stands as a symbol of an idea fast gaining traction in the pharmaceutical industry, that data itself can be the drug that unlocks faster cures, bigger markets and higher profits.

Lt Col Holmes's disease is kept in check by Ibrance, a medicine developed by Pfizer in the US. Data from other men whose insurers, like that of Lt Col Holmes, had agreed to pay for the medicine, despite guidelines limiting its prescription to "post-menopausal" women, proved pivotal in persuading the US medicines regulator to approve its use in men afflicted by the condition.

Customarily securing permission to prescribe an existing drug to a wider group of patients would have required full-blown clinical trials that might have delayed the change for several years.

In a world where big pharma and big tech collide, investors are pouring billions of dollars into companies that offer access to the clinical insights contained in vast troves of anonymised patient records. Combined with artificial intelligence, data offer hope of expanding the number of patients who can benefit from existing medicines, or even unearthing entirely new drugs.

"The concentration and the sexiness started in discovery but the digital health world has grown exponentially in the past year," says Niven Narain, co-founder of biotech group Berg. "18 months ago if I sat here I couldn't even tell you what a chief digital officer was," he adds, reeling off the names of big pharma companies, such as Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi, that now have digital experts on their leadership teams.

Chris Boshoff, chief development officer for Pfizer's oncology division, says that by taking the conventional randomised control trials they had performed in women, and supplementing them with data generated by male users — so-called real world evidence — Pfizer was able to demonstrate to the US Food and Drug Administration as well as authorities in Canada and Egypt that it was safe and effective for both sexes.

"To conduct a study in men, because we didn't include them in [the initial studies], would have taken us another three to five years and here we could do all the work within 12 months and get the expansion," says Dr Boshoff.

For executives preoccupied with improving pharma's poor record on productivity, the power of data to accelerate drug discovery and reduce research costs represents fresh hope for corporate profits as well as patients.

Taking a drug from bench to bedside can cost $2.6bn, according to the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, and take up to 14 years. Zach Weinberg, co-founder of Flatiron Health, which aggregated and analysed part of the data underpinning Ibrance's label expansion to men, believes two major shifts in the landscape are driving pharma's fascination with data.

The first is a demand from insurers and other payers for more detailed evidence about the performance of a drug once it is in regular use. The other change, especially evident in cancer treatment, is the increasing complexity of drug discovery, as scientists' greater understanding of individual biology drives the search for more personalised treatments.

Mr Weinberg, whose company operates from offices in New York's SoHo district, says: "If you wanted to launch a drug in breast cancer 20 years ago, we would have thought of it as breast cancer. But now we think of it as multiple subtypes of disease, so the need to generate evidence in each individual subtype means there are more questions [to be answered]."

These developments have placed a premium on high quality data, shorn of mistakes and inconsistencies, that will be trusted by regulators such as the FDA and European Medicines Agency.

Securing access to data from electronic health records "is really not that complicated. Making that data fit for research, that's the hard part. It's in the data curation," he adds.
It is just over a decade since the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act spurred the widespread take-up of electronic patient records, by allocating almost $20bn to health technology. The Twenty First Century Cures Act, which endorsed the use of real-world evidence in drug approvals, was passed just over three years ago.

Medical applications for data and AI have rapidly become attractive to investors.

Calculations for the Financial Times by Rock Health, a US venture fund focusing on digital health, suggest that in the five years to the third quarter of 2019 a total of $1.5bn across 69 deals has been invested in companies that use AI or machine learning, and that "either sell to biopharma or have biopharma as an end user".

The sum represented 25 per cent of all AI funding and 21 per cent of all AI deals in the US. Other recent deals include Merck's $40m investment last year in TriNetX, a clinical data and analytics company, while Roivant Sciences in 2018 committed $40.5m to Datavant, which connects fragmented health data sets to aid researchers.

Even five or six years ago, only about half the 20 biggest companies working on cancer drugs were deploying real world data, says Mr Weinberg. "Now, when we walk into any of the 20 [businesses], there's a group that has been identified which at least owns the area for that." Previously, some companies had been uncertain as to where in the business it belonged. "Is it my drug development team? Is it market access? Is it my biostats group?' Now, there's more organisational maturity," he says.

"It's about augmenting and complimenting clinical trials where we don't have enough trial data," he adds. "That's really the big idea."

Basel-based Roche has embraced that approach. In 2015 it took a 12.6 per cent stake in Flatiron, going on to buy the company outright in 2018. Flatiron retains operational independence and works with an array of other pharma companies — including Pfizer, with which it has a strategic collaboration.

The relationship with Flatiron has delivered clear dividends, suggests Bill Anderson, the Swiss company's head of pharma. He cites Rozlytrek, a treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer approved by the FDA in August, which targets genetic mutations seen in only about 1 per cent of all patients with the condition. The rarity made it difficult to find participants for a conventional clinical trial, in which one group receives the medicine and the other does not.

First it used Foundation Medicine, a US company which genetically sequences tumours, to identify a group of patients with the right genetic make-up on whom to test the medicine.

It then created the equivalent of another trial using the Flatiron database to find a group of patients with the same mutations who were taking what had been regarded, up to that point, as the best treatment. The data were submitted to "regulators so that they could compare what they saw in the single-arm study of Rozlytrek to what they might have seen in a similar patient with that mutation who hadn't received Rozlytrek".

Mr Anderson says: "We needed a 2m-patient Flatiron data set to find approximately 50 patients that had [the relevant] mutation, and it fit the trial criteria."

Would the medicine ever have come to fruition without access to this database? "Certainly without the genomic testing it wouldn't. I think, in the case of the Flatiron real-world evidence, some regulators would have probably approved it without that, just based on the compelling benefit in the single-arm study, but it certainly provided important context."

Such data may also help reassure payers about the value of a new drug, no small advantage at a time when governments and insurers are exercising ever-tighter control of health budgets.

At Novartis, Switzerland's other global drugmaker, Vas Narasimhan describes his business as "a data science company". While identifying molecules that could turn into money-spinning drugs is the traditional business of big pharma, the key insight, on which he has sought to reposition the company since becoming chief executive in 2018, is that the data generated around those molecules is also a core asset.

Novartis is increasingly looking to integrate anonymised data from clinical trials with other information about patients, such as their genetic make-up, to find the "super-responders" most likely to benefit from new treatments.

Dr Narasimhan says: "If you look at the tech companies that's the pivot they made; they realised that actually the core asset for them is the data-mining [of] all of that experience."

Take Canakinumab, a medicine for heart disease that had disappointed in initial trials. Rather than writing off hundreds of millions of dollars in investment, Novartis took the data of the 10,000 patients involved in these initial studies and "discovered that this drug has a significant impact on lung cancer", he says.

The company has now embarked on several late-stage trials of the drug among people with non-small cell lung cancer, the most common form of the condition.

Recent moves attest to Dr Narasimhan's belief that big pharma must increasingly leverage the skills and approach of tech specialists. Bertrand Bodson, an Amazon alumnus appointed as the company's first chief digital officer, has been elevated to the senior executive team. And in September Dr Narasimhan announced a five-year collaboration with Microsoft that aims to apply AI to all areas of the Swiss pharmaceutical company's business, from finance to manufacturing.

The most profitable outcome for many pharma companies would be to find a brand new drug by applying AI to big data sets — but Dr Narasimhan strikes a note of caution.
He says: "Can we use this technology to find the drug, to actually unlock the underlying science? I still think we're a long way away [from that] because we don't understand so much about human biology. And to define how a machine would solve that for us would require significant advancement still."

Berg's Mr Narain believes this year will deliver a reckoning that could explode some of the hype that has been generated around AI and medicine.

Founded just over a decade ago, the biotech group has carved out a distinct path by testing hypotheses developed through computer modelling in an experimental laboratory setting. The aim is to produce a biologically-validated finding that can then be further tested in animal and human clinical trials — a process that takes time, he emphasises.

"It's not like you pool public data and you're going to cure cancer in three months," he says. It has teamed up with several large pharma companies, including AstraZeneca and Sanofi, in work that Mr Narain believes can eventually lead to new drugs by yielding fresh insights into how they produce their effects.

However, he warns against the notion that AI is a short-cut that can circumvent all the hard work of understanding patient biology. "AI is not just like a magic wand that dismisses all the iterations of the science that are so necessary to get to a really verifiable answer. Because at the end of the day we're dealing with patients," he adds.

Investors may soon become impatient for tangible results, in the form of stronger R&D pipelines, swifter approvals or drugs repositioned for new categories of patients — with costs cut in the process.

Mr Narain says: "We are at a 'come to Jesus' moment because people have put lots of money into this and for the VC community, the [private equity] community, it's been two to three years [of expectation]."

For Lt Col Holmes, in the vanguard of this health data revolution, Ibrance has provided a lifeline. More than five years after his cancer first spread, he is leading what he calls "75 per cent" of his pre-cancer life.

Deploying a phrase that pilots use when they have to adjust the controls for new crosswinds, he adds: "That's my new normal. Sort of like flying [the plane] with something wrong, but you're still OK. I still have control."

Written by: Sarah Neville

© Financial Times 2019