The prosecutors called for Facebook to break off Instagram and WhatsApp and for new restrictions on future deals.
"For nearly a decade, Facebook has used its dominance and monopoly power to crush smaller rivals and snuff out competition, all at the expense of everyday users," said Attorney General Letitia James of New York, who led the multistate investigation into the company in parallel with the federal agency.
The lawsuits, filed in the US District Court of the District of Columbia, underscore the growing bipartisan and international tsunami against Big Tech. Lawmakers and regulators have zeroed in on the grip that Facebook, Google, Amazon and Apple maintain on commerce, electronics, social networking, search and online advertising, remaking the nation's economy. President Donald Trump has argued repeatedly that the tech giants have too much power and influence, and allies of President-elect Joe Biden make similar complaints.
The investigations already led to a lawsuit against Google, brought by the Justice Department two months ago, that accuses the search giant of illegally protecting a monopoly. At least one more suit against Google, by both Republican and Democratic officials, is expected by the end of the year. In Europe, regulators are proposing tougher laws against the industry and have issued billions of dollars in penalties for the violation of competition laws.
The lawsuits against Facebook are expected to set off a long legal battle. The company has long denied any illegal anticompetitive behavior and is expected to use its deep well of money to defend itself. Few major antitrust cases have centered on mergers approved years earlier. The FTC signed off on Facebook's deals for Instagram and WhatsApp during Barack Obama's administration.
If the prosecutors succeed, the cases could remake the company, which has experienced only unfettered growth. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook's chief executive, has described a breakup of the company as an "existential" threat.
The case is also being widely watched as a gauge for future mergers within the technology industry, which have continued to boom during the pandemic. Last month, Facebook said it was buying Kustomer, a customer relationship management startup, for close to US$1 billion.
Facebook did not immediately respond to a request for comment, but it has argued in the past that the market for social media remained competitive. The skyrocketing growth of TikTok, the Chinese short-video sharing app, and new growth in Parler, a social media firm popular among conservatives, shows that Facebook doesn't have a lock on social networking, the company has said.
Written by: Cecilia Kang and Mike Isaac
Photographs by: Jim Wilson
© 2020 THE NEW YORK TIMES