Mathias Cormann, the new OECD secretary-general, hailed the agreement, saying it would ensure, "large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere".
But after multiple carve-outs were agreed to ensure that countries could still use low taxes to encourage investment, he stressed that the rules were not designed to impose the same corporate tax regime everywhere.
"This package does not eliminate tax competition . . . but it does set multilaterally agreed limitations on it," he said. "It also accommodates the various interests across the negotiating table, including those of small economies and developing jurisdictions."
US president Joe Biden said: "With a global minimum tax in place, multinational corporations will no longer be able to pit countries against one another in a bid to push tax rates down and protect their profits at the expense of public revenue."
But in a sign of potentially difficult battles ahead in Congress, Kevin Brady, the top Republican on the House of Representatives' ways and means committee, said the deal was "a dangerous economic surrender that sends US jobs overseas".
Olaf Scholz, the German finance minister, hailed the deal, calling it a "colossal step forward towards more tax justice", while Rishi Sunak, the UK chancellor, stressed that it would ensure "multinational tech giants pay the right tax in the right countries".
The carve-outs and exemptions were not enough to satisfy the eight countries that objected to the framework, including Ireland, Estonia and Hungary, which are OECD members.
The other holdouts were Barbados, Kenya, Nigeria, Sri Lanka and St Vincent & the Grenadines. Peru abstained because it does not have a government to make decisions.
Such was the political pressure exerted that some tax havens and investment hubs signed up, including Switzerland and the Bahamas. They are expected to lose significant revenues when the rules come into force.
The deal consists of both elements of the agreement forged by the G7 leading economies last month, but with substantially greater detail added and special rules for certain sectors and companies.
In a successful bid to sign up China, India and some eastern European nations, the OECD has proposed a carve-out from the global minimum tax plan, based on "substance", so the rules do not apply to incentives on corporate tax investment in tangible assets such as manufacturing factories and machinery.
The global shipping industry has also benefited from an exemption because it is almost impossible to determine where entities are located.
The element of the deal seeking to force the largest multinationals to pay more tax where they operate rather than where they are located will apply initially only to the biggest companies with turnover exceeding €20b. However, that threshold will fall to €10b after seven years.
These companies will have to allocate for taxation 20—30 per cent of their profits in excess of a 10 per cent margin to the countries where they operate based on their sales. This will ensure that the tech giants, luxury goods groups and pharmaceutical companies will pay more tax in the countries where they do business.
The agreed OECD statement said that companies in regulated financial services, mining and the oil and gas sectors would be excluded from these provisions.
In return for agreeing to allow some of the tax that the US collects from Google, Amazon, Apple and Facebook to be taxed by other countries, the other signatories to the OECD deal have committed to abolishing their digital service taxes. Special rules will ensure Amazon is included in the new OECD framework even though the company's profit margin falls below the threshold.
- Additional reporting by Aime Williams in Washington and Guy Chazan in Berlin
