"There are huge leakages in the current system. With a uniform system, businesses will finally be able to make decisions purely on the grounds of profit."
Modi is under pressure to raise revenue after keeping the previous government's fiscal deficit target of 4.1 per cent of gross domestic product in the year ending next March. A weak monsoon and rising oil prices threaten to inflate a subsidy bill that has risen fivefold over the past decade.
"I would not call it a flip-flop," Aman Sinha, a spokesman for Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party, said by phone of his position. "He is just executing a plan which the previous government failed to do."
Modi mandate
The Modi administration's parliamentary mandate - India's largest in 30 years - raises the likelihood of success where former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh failed. Passing the tax law would require votes in both houses of parliament, plus the support of 15 of the 29 states to amend the constitution.
The GST would streamline the tax administration and result in higher revenue for the federal government and states, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said in his July 10 budget speech. Businesses selling across states face a border tax, local sales tax, central service tax, federal excise, central sales tax and other duties that often vary by state and product.
Amit Saigal, owner of yarn-maker Eskay Yarntex in New Delhi, estimates a GST would allow him to double the company's 1.5 billion rupees (NZ$29 million) in annual sales within a year. He now sells to only seven states after halting shipments to Punjab because his trucks filled with spools of cotton yarn must pay two taxes to cross the border.
Tax 'joke'
"Right now, businesses look for ways to circumvent state taxes," Saigal, 42, said by phone from Delhi. "Local politicians have made a joke of the tax system."
Singh introduced India's first GST bill in 2008 and set a two-year deadline to implement it. After repeated delays, Singh told reporters in 2011 that Modi's BJP in Gujarat "has taken a hostile attitude."
Modi countered that GST couldn't be implemented without a proper computer network to support it. That's still a concern.
The GST network has been under development since 2010, when Singh tapped Infosys's co-founder Nandan Nilekani to lead an IT infrastructure committee. Four years later, Nilekani has left and the network remains incomplete, said Abdul Rahim Rather, head of India's GST committee.
"We are at it and have had so many meetings," Rather said by phone on July 17. He didn't offer details of the current status or say when the network would be functional.
Political hurdles
In his budget speech, Jaitley said the government will garner the two-thirds majority needed to pass the GST bill in both houses of parliament by April. While states would get part of the revenue for the new unified levy, some are reluctant to surrender their right to tax, he said.
"I assure all states that government will be more than fair in dealing with them," Jaitley said.
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala - hubs for manufacturing, services and technology - stand to lose the most if the government bans them from collecting local taxes without offering a substitute, according to the Reserve Bank of India. Madhya Pradesh may oppose the GST if alcohol and petroleum aren't exempted, said Ashwini Kumar Rai, the state's principal secretary of commercial tax.
States' concerns
Madhya Pradesh doubts that states will be compensated adequately and on time as the federal government struggles to manage its deficit, the
Hindu
reported today, citing a letter the newspaper says was sent by Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan to Jaitley in July.
"Most of the states have welcomed it," Saurabh Patel, Gujarat's finance minister, said by phone of the GST. "The only thing that states were looking for was the compensation and protection plan, which we are confident we will get."
About 140 countries have adopted a GST or national level value-added tax framework, with GST rates varying from 5 per cent to 20 per cent, according to ICICI Bank. While the government touts the benefits of a unified sales tax for businesses, consumers may fare less well as producers and retailers of everything from basic staples to high-end handbags raise prices to cover the duty.
Consumer costs
"I'll have to pass the cost on to my customers who can barely spend 50 rupees a day on supplies," said Sandeep Batra, 61, owner of Rex General Store in New Delhi, which sells milk, bread and eggs alongside two-rupee sachets of soap.
The constitutional amendment would pass if Modi's five BJP- led states are supported by the 11 states controlled by the opposition Congress Party, which introduced Singh's version of the GST bill.
Constitutional hurdles mean the GST will probably be implemented some time in 2017, according to R. Muralidharan, an executive director at PricewaterhouseCoopers India. Still, even a watered-down GST would spur manufacturing and create jobs, he said by phone from Mumbai.
"The early fears of GST are gone," Muralidharan said. "Everyone understands the positive impact it will have."
- Bloomberg
