In November 2013, at an important congress of China's top leaders known as the Third Plenum, Xi's government had encouraged foreign businesses by promising to allow market forces to play a "decisive role" in the economy.
Now, some of that reform momentum has been lost, and the mood among foreign businesses has become more subdued, Wuttke said, summing up the results of a survey of his group's nearly 1,800 member companies. Increasingly, he said, companies were questioning or delaying investment decisions, and even laying off workers.
Wuttke said it was not clear whether China's top leaders were willing to take on powerful state-owned enterprises or the protectionist impulses of provincial governments in order to promote a more level playing field.
"Do you have not only the vision, do you have the audacity to change, the political clout and guts to change?" he asked of China's leaders.
Similar questions are being asked by US companies.
"The perception in the business community is that reform has stalled and doors may be closing to much-needed foreign investment," said James Zimmerman, chairman of the American Chamber of Commerce in China, arguing that Beijing needed to harness market forces rather than "turning inward for solutions to address a slowing economy".
Optimism has been buffeted by the slowdown in China's economy, while confidence in its leadership to handle that slowdown has been shaken by its clumsy handling of a stock market crash and a currency devaluation in recent weeks, as well as by an explosion at a chemical warehouse in the city of Tianjin last month that killed at least 145 people.
"The near-religious belief in the foreign business community of technocratic, enlightened decision-making by China's top leadership is being challenged by the kind of actions that recently took place," Wuttke said.
After committing itself to the rule of law at another gathering of its top leaders in 2014, the Communist Party has this year introduced new national security legislation and a law to regulate nongovernmental organizations that have provoked widespread concern in the foreign business community, who fear the spectre of national security could be used to justify protectionism.
"Yes, China needs a national security law, but the wording is so opaque and so vague that a lot of possible mergers by foreign business could be impossible," Wuttke said. "In the time of an economic slowdown, the last thing you need is legislative uncertainty."
One of the frustrations that foreign companies face is that, as China tries to rebalance its economy, some of the most enticing market opportunities lie in service-sector industries — such as financial, health care, education and logistics. Yet those are sectors that tend to be dominated by state-owned companies and largely closed to foreign businesses.
In an Aug 28 report, Zimmerman said US service-sector companies faced many hurdles, including "regulatory ambiguity and unequal approval procedures, standards that favour domestic service providers, de-facto technology transfer requirements, and market access limitations".
Wuttke said China's banks are some of the largest in the world and are aggressively opening branches in Europe — while China's domestic financial sector is still largely closed off to foreigners. Foreign companies have helped build the largest car market in the world in China in the past two or three decades, but they still face a web of restrictions on investment, equity ownership and procurement of parts, he said.
There was optimism when China established a new Free Trade Zone in Shanghai in September 2013, but most of the benefits have flowed to local companies, business leaders say.
The government's handling of the stock market this year also has dismayed foreign business leaders — first it talked up the market, helping to create a bubble, then it intervened heavily to prevent a crash, seeking scapegoats from hostile foreign forces to domestic brokers, from "malicious" short-sellers to a local journalist and even the US Federal Reserve.
"The stock market is a sad story," Wuttke said."They need a functioning stock market in order to get the money where business is. They need other avenues for Chinese citizens to invest. But it is going to take five to 10 years to make the stock market a credible financial vehicle for the economy."
Wuttke is also the chief China representative for the German chemicals giant BASF, and he said last month's blast in Tianjin has not done his industry any favours.
"After Tianjin, when I go and say I want to build a chemical plant, the mayor says: 'Are you kidding me? Not in my back yard.' "
