Business Editor at Large Liam Dann explains inflation, and what it means for you and your money.
Video / Cameron Pitney
Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said Wednesday that inflation, which has been surging as the recovery strengthens, "will likely remain elevated in coming months" before "moderating."
At the same time, in testimony to the House Financial Services Committee, Powell signalled no imminent change in the Fed's ultra-low-interest rate policies.
The Fed chairman reiterated his long-held view that high inflation readings over the past several months have been driven largely by temporary factors, notably supply shortages and rising consumer demand as pandemic-related business restrictions are lifted.
Still, House members peppered Powell with questions about rising inflation in recent months, with some expressing concern that prices will continue to accelerate. The Fed chair replied that the central bank would not respond to short-term price spikes by raising rates and risk weakening the economic recovery.
"By inflation, we mean year after year after year prices go up," Powell said. "If something is a one-time price increase... you wouldn't react to something that is likely to go away."
"We really do believe," he added, "that these things will come down of their own accord."
Powell's remarks coincided with rising concerns, among economists as well as ordinary households, that intensifying inflation pressures are creating a burden for many people and posing a potential threat to the recovery from the pandemic recession. On Wednesday, the government reported that wholesale prices, which businesses pay, jumped 7.3 per cent in June from a year earlier. It was the fastest such 12-month increase on records dating to 2010.
And on Tuesday, the government said that prices paid by US consumers surged in June by the most in 13 years. It was the third straight month that consumer inflation has jumped. Excluding volatile food and energy costs, so-called core inflation rose 4.5 per cent in June, the fastest pace since November 1991.
Federal Reserve Board chairman Jerome Powell. Photo / AP
Much of the consumer price gain was driven by categories that reflect the reopening of the economy and related supply shortages. Used car price increases accounted for about one-third of the jump. Prices for hotel rooms, airline tickets, and car rentals also rose substantially.
"It's still the same story we're seeing," Powell said. "It's a pretty narrow group of things that are producing these high (inflation) readings."
But some increases could persist. Restaurant prices rose 0.7 per cent in June, the largest monthly rise since 1981, and have increased 4.2 per cent compared with a year ago. Those price increases likely are intended to offset higher wage and food costs as restaurants scramble to fill jobs.
The Fed has said it will keep its benchmark short-term rate pegged near zero until it believes maximum employment has been reached and annual inflation moderately exceeds 2 per cent for some time. The central bank's policymakers have said they're prepared to accept inflation above its target to make up for years of inflation below 2 per cent.
Powell said Wednesday that the economy is "still a ways off" from making the "substantial further progress" that the policymakers want to see before they will begin reducing their $120 billion in monthly bond purchases. Those purchases are intended to keep long-term borrowing rates low to encourage borrowing and spending.
He was asked to clarify what the Fed means by "substantial further progress."
"It's very difficult to be precise about it," Powell replied. "We didn't try to write down a particular set of numbers that would capture what we mean by that."
At its most recent meeting in June, the Fed's policymakers began discussing a reduction in those purchases, and Powell said Wednesday that those discussions "will continue ... in coming meetings."
Powell added that the Fed might adjust its policies if inflation, or the public's expectations for inflation, "were moving materially and persistently beyond levels consistent with our goal." Americans' expectations for inflation are important because they can become self-fulfilling, as consumers may demand higher wages to offset rising prices.
The chairman was addressing the House committee Wednesday as part of his twice-a-year monetary policy report to Congress. On Thursday, he will testify to the Senate Banking Committee.
In his testimony, Powell was upbeat about the economy, with growth on track "to post its fastest rate of increase in decades." He said hiring has been "robust" but noted there "is still a long way to go," with the unemployment rate elevated at 5.9 per cent.
At their most recent meeting last month, Fed officials forecast that they may raise their benchmark short-term rate twice by the end of 2023, an earlier time frame than they had previously signalled.
Powell, whose term as Fed chair will end in February, drew some bipartisan praise during questioning by House members. President Joe Biden could announce as soon as this fall whether he intends to reappoint him to another four-year term.
"You have earned and deserved another term as chair of the Federal Reserve," Rep. Patrick McHenry, a Republican from North Carolina, told him. "You have proven to be a steady hand throughout this pandemic or ongoing recovery."
Representatives Andy Barr, a Republican from Kentucky, and Brad Sherman, a California Democrat, echoed the notion that Powell should be reappointed. The Senate would have to confirm him for a second term. Though Powell enjoys broad support, some progressive groups oppose his reappointment because he has overseen the loosening of some regulations governing large banks.
On another topic, Powell said the Fed would publish research in early September on the potential for the central bank to issue a digital dollar. A digital currency would enable faster payments among banks, consumers and businesses and potentially allow Americans to hold dollars in electronic wallets on smartphones without needing an account at a conventional bank.
Powell said a digital dollar would be more efficient than having numerous cryptocurrencies and stablecoins issued by companies such as Facebook. A stablecoin is a digital currency that is backed by cash.
"I think that's one of the stronger arguments in its favour — that ... you wouldn't need stablecoins, you wouldn't need cryptocurrencies if you had a digital US currency," he said.
