Type the word "cannabis" into the New Zealand business directory on the Companies Office website and you'll get a full three pages of businesses, most of them incorporated in the past two years.
That only scrapes the surface and doesn't begin to delve into the entities with slightly more creative names, such as variations of "cann", "canna" or "phyto".
Like the opportunist panners who rushed to gold-rich regions decades before, cannabis pioneers are also looking to strike it lucky.
The rivers may run green this time, but many pans will end up empty, even if New Zealand's legal cannabis industry takes off.
We've already seen our first casualty, in the capitulation of cannabis firm Medicann.
Emails leaked to the Herald from an investor who put $50,000 into that business give a glimpse of how sour cannabis deals can go. "I will fly to NZ and personally extract my full investment from the company by whichever way possible," reads one email to an executive. "Please don't construe that as a threat ... take it as a f***ing promise!"
You'd imagine an email like that would be enough to prompt a little trepidation. But already, with the Medicann file still open on the liquidator's desk, some of the individuals previously involved in that business already appear as directors and shareholders for other cannabis firms.
Speculate at your own risk
Snowball Effect co-founder Simeon Burnett is well-versed in start-ups and he warns investors not to put any money into marijuana that they aren't willing to lose.
"Investing in the medicinal cannabis industry is highly speculative, with most companies still at the 'concept' stage of their development," Burnett says.
"The regulatory regime for the medicinal cannabis industry is yet to be determined and investors should remain conscious of the risk this presents for the companies they are looking to invest in."
The Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Bill passed its third reading in December last year, laying the foundations of a medical cannabis industry. In addition to giving the terminally ill a defence against the use of illicit cannabis products, the bill requires the government to write a regulatory framework for the medicinal cannabis industry within a year - suggesting it could take until 2020 for a clearer indication of the shape the local industry will take.
Added to this structural and legal uncertainty is the reality that the many of the companies emerging aren't likely to ever turn a profit.
"Only a small number are likely to become meaningful businesses and that's only if the industry can find its feet," Burnett says, making the point that investors need to conduct due diligence before parting with their hard-earned cash.
Helius Therapeutics co-founder Paul Manning takes this a step further: he advises novice investors not to part with their money at all.
"Inexperienced investors should hold off until cannabis companies are licensed, operational and – ideally – turning a profit," Manning says. "As attractive as the industry seems, this isn't a 'green rush'. Be extremely wary of unregulated crowd-funding initiatives."
Government joins the party
The speculative nature of the cannabis industry hasn't deterred the Government from hedging a few bets through Callaghan Innovation.
Callaghan spokeswoman Melanie Tuala told the Herald Callaghan Innovation had approved research and development co-funding grants to investigate medicinal, nutritional and tech applications related to the cannabis industry.
Project grants of this nature are designed to encourage innovation by co-funding up to 40 per cent of R&D projects that meet specific criteria.
Tuala says Callaghan's involvement in cannabis extends well beyond medicinal applications, also taking in other uses, from fabrics to energy.
She says said there is potential for New Zealand to become involved in high-value research and extraction activities – meaning there will be more examples of this type of funding as the industry matures.
Cannabis is a highly complex plant with a range of applications. Photo/Supplied.
Hikurangi Cannabis Company founder Manu Caddie tells the same story, when he says New Zealand could emerge as a global leader in cannabis pharmaceuticals, given the right support.
"Israel has shown what it could look like to be a small country that invests in R&D and Switzerland has shown how to be the best manufacturer, rather than being a primary product, low-value commodity exporter," he says.
"New Zealand could easily establish itself very quickly as the best in the world if we have the resolve to do so, but it will need to involve real commitment from our politicians, the industry and investors."
Such support, however, looks likely to prompt criticism. As seen in the backlash against the $315,000 funding grant to loss-making crypto-currency startup Vimba, the public isn't always enamoured of the Crown agency's funding decisions.
And Callaghan wouldn't need any reminding about oft-repeated parallels between the bitcoin hype and the current enthusiasm for the marijuana industry.
That said, while cannabis may be speculative, unlike bitcoin, it is at least a real product -- with no shortage of consumers willing to pay for it.
Out of the shadows
Cannabis may be emerging from the black market, but the stigma associated with it remains difficult to shake. One way businesses are gaining some legitimacy is by applying for licences that allow them to cultivate cannabis for scientific or medical research.
As of January 25, the Ministry of Health had granted a total five cultivation licences to New Zealand organisations. Medsafe group manager Chris James wouldn't comment on who those organisations are, but the Herald is aware that three licences are held by start-ups Hikurangi Cannabis, Cannasouth and Helius Therapeutics.
James says the Ministry is working through another 45 applications and that others have already been rejected.
"Applications have been declined because the application has not provided sufficient information that the necessary facilities, such as security, and systems, such as procedures, are in place to prevent diversion or misuse of cannabis material," James says.
Six firms to watch
From the primordial ooze of the still-forming cannabis industry, several Kiwi companies have quickly stuck their heads above the mass around them.
What the six indicate is that there's no blueprint for entering an industry that doesn't yet exist. Each company has a unique approach, and as with any start-up scene, it's anyone's guess who will survive.
Hikurangi Cannabis
Founded in 2015 by a group of marae representatives on the East Coast near Ruatōria, Hikurangi has had a decent head start on its competitors.
Co-founder Caddie sees the firm's humble origin story as one of its biggest strengths.
"We've seen the example of what happens in Australia when start-up companies with great marketing machines pump themselves up to attract a lot of investment but then can't deliver on the expectations raised," he says. "In many cases, founders seem to have done it as a way to capitalise on this latest trend with no intention of establishing a long-term business that is good for sick patients, shareholders, employees and the wider society."
Panapa Ehau and Manu Caddie (L to R), the joint managing directors at Hikurangi Cannbis. Photo/Supplied
The company grew its first crop of industrial hemp in 2016, a time that coincided with the first strong indications that regulatory change was on the cards.
The visual appeal of that first crop proved a powerful tool for the company, attracting interest from journalists and making Hikurangi a household name in New Zealand.
That interest was later parlayed into a crowd-funding campaign, arranged through Waiapu Investments, which led to the PledgeMe site crashing twice as Hikurangi sold all its shares in six minutes, raising $2.4 million.
The company also attracted two institutional investors who, says Caddie, "contributed substantially more funds than what was raised through Waiapu Investments".
Hikurangi, which now employs 22 staff, is also weighing up the possibility of another fund-raising round this year, which would again open the door to Kiwi investors.
Hikurangi Cannabis already employs a staff of 22. Photo/Supplied.
The company has already established strategic partnerships with international organisations, researchers and local growers.
Combined, these factors have set up Hikurangi as one of the most influential voices in the early stages of the cannabis sector.
One caveat, however, is that it doesn't always pay to be first in the start-up scene. In the case of cannabis, the earlier you start, the longer you have to wait in regulatory limbo and the more money you eventually burn through.
Helius Therapeutics may have launched about two years after Hikurangi, but the company has quickly established a prominent voice in the industry.
Founded on seed capital from experienced businessmen Paul Manning, JP Schmidt and Gavin Pook, Helius quickly positioned itself as the legitimate foil to the industry's shadowy side.
"We're attempting to convert a black market to a legitimate economy, while entering one of the most regulated environments in the world: medicine," says Manning. "The path to success is fraught with extraordinary challenges."
Paul Manning is one of the founders of Helius Therapeutics. Photo/Supplied.
Helius has won the attention of rich lister Guy Haddleton, who joined the company and helped raise $15m from local investors.
The Helius team put this money to work, acquiring two large Auckland sites which are being developed to create a highly controlled environment for the cultivation and production of high-grade cannabis products suitable for export.
Helius Therapeutics has invested in a state-of-the-art facility. Image/Supplied.
"We are focused exclusively on medicinal cannabis and, unlike most other start-ups in this space, we have no plans to enter the recreational market," says Manning.
Given the demands of operating in the medicinal sphere, Manning warns potential investors to be wary of companies that do not yet have a licence. "Just because a company has applied, that means nothing. We're working in the field of medicines. The process is rigorous, iterative and takes a very long time to complete," he says.
Another thing that takes time is legal change. And with large facilities, steadily growing staff numbers and ongoing marketing expenses, Helius will be burning through cash more quickly than other players in the market.
Cannasouth
Cannasouth co-founders Mark Lucas and Nic Foreman have been involved in researching and cultivating industrial hemp since 2002, when they were granted one of New Zealand's first cultivation licences.
Cannasouth, however, was registered in May 2017 and has emerged as one of the first cannabis companies to express a desire to list on the NZX.
Lucas says planning for the listing is underway, with the company now being audited by Deloitte in preparation for listing in the second quarter of this year.
Marc Lucas, Nic Foreman, Daniel Reason and Alistair Wilkins from Cannasouth. Photo/Suplied.
The company is already well funded, having completed two funding rounds that gave the business a strong capital base, which has been used to hire key staff, acquire processing equipment and invest in research.
The company's research team has already shown its chops, producing New Zealand's first Ministry of Health-approved pharmaceutical grade cannabinoid extracts.
Cannasouth has a partnership with the University of Waikato, and has received funding from the Agricultural and Marketing Research and Development Trust and Callaghan Innovation for two studies on cannabinoids.
Setek
The cannabis industry was always going to attract a few curious characters – and none seems more incongruous than retired politician Peter Dunne, who has joined start-up Setek Therapeutics as advisory board chairman.
Company co-founder Mark Mees says that from the outset he and his partner David Pearce wanted to assemble a team of expert consultants and advisers.
Dunne was invited to lead the advisory board and agreed to do so only after running an exhaustive due diligence process on Mees and Pearce, including police background checks.
Former politician Peter Dunne chairs the advisory board at Setek. Photo/Supplied.
Mees says they then built an expert team, consisting of businesspeople, academics and scientists, in a process that was completed in December last year.
Rather than seeking investment funding from the outset, Mees has taken a more cautious approach, balancing the danger of unnecessary cash burn against the risk of inertia.
"First mover advantage is good, but we're more focused on doing it right than getting there first," Mees says.
"In context with this particular industry, I think the 'fast follower' benefits are probably undervalued by many commentators."
Setek has lodged an application for its cultivation licence and expects to have an answer in the coming weeks. The company plans to start raising funds only after acquiring its licence.
"A number of high net-worth New Zealanders have inquired ... about investment opportunities with Setek and we are also in discussion with a very well-known international cannabis company," says Mees.
Nubu
Another interesting character throwing his hat into the cannabis ring is TV presenter and former Newstalk ZB host Mark Dye.
With co-founder Will Douglas, Dye founded the start-up Nubu at the end of 2017.
Dye says the company has already raised $500,000 through its seed capital funding round and expects to raise up to $10m from its next round. He says this money will be used to develop a growth and extraction facility and also fund R&D.
Like Setek, Nubu has lodged an application for cultivation but is still awaiting Ministry of Health approval.
Dye says Nubu's strategy is to avoid the commodity game entirely and focus on developing products that are unique to New Zealand.
Media personality Mark Dye is among the Kiwis vying for a space in the cannabis industry. Photo/Supplied.
"New Zealand will never be able to produce cannabis cheaper than some of the Latin American countries coming online, or Africa when they start to grow in volume," he says.
"We want to import high quality but low cost finished commodity products so it's as accessible as possible for patients locally, and instead focus on the premium end of the market."
While Nubu is small, Dye doesn't see that as a disadvantage. "There is room for multiple players," he says.
"Think of cannabis like the New Zealand wine industry, where there are many successful companies exporting globally. We want to build a successful company and also a successful NZ industry – to do that we need a number of successful New Zealand cannabis companies."
Zeacann
Another dark horse among the bigger players is Zeacann, a firm that has formed a strategic research partnership with AUT.
Founded by Chris Fowlie and Thom Hooker in 2017, Zeacann put its New Zealand provenance in its name and at the core of the business.
Fowlie, who has pushed for cannabis law reform for the past 20 years, says that while others just want to grow cannabis, Zeacann is focused on developing intellectual property unique to New Zealand.
Zeacann has already launched an online portal that allows cannabis companies to list their products on a vendor-neutral portal designed to offer medical staff simple access to a catalogue of information on medically registered cannabis products.
Zeacann co-founders Thom Hooker (left) and Chris Fowlie. Photo/Supplied.
The company remains self-funded, with Fowlie and Hooker running a lean ship as the industry develops.
"We want to retain control in New Zealand and are currently seeking strategic partners who share our vision and passion for helping patients," Fowlie says.
Looking a little further ahead, Fowlie sees potential for the industry to become much bigger than most imagine – provided the Government doesn't make it too costly.
"Colorado, with a population little more than New Zealand's, has over 800 cannabis businesses," he says. "These range from mom-and-pop farmers and hipster extractors, through to large multi-state operators."
"But if licences are limited or made really expensive we could see it tied up by a few well-funded operators. We want to open it up. There is room for everyone, and especially if we focus on exports, then really the sky is the limit."
