The name Holacracy is derived from author Arthur Koestler's term "holon," which means a whole that is part of a larger whole, but Robertson says the approach is less a grand philosophical scheme than the product of trial and error. The experimentation continues at Zappos, publishing platform Medium, the office of the Chief Information Officer of the state of Washington and more than 300 other organisations.
Following, a condensed, edited transcript of our conversation last week in New York.
Why do we need a new way to manage organisations?
If you think about the way they're managed today, it looks a little bit like a feudal empire. There's kings, there's lords, there's barons, there's peasants and serfs. In our societies we've seen the shift from top-down management, from feudal systems and dictatorships, to where people have the freedom to pursue their individual purposes within a framework of rules and interconnection and order. I want to see the same benefits that we've seen societally, in an organisation.
But corporate organisations are often get lauded for being quick-moving, at least in comparison with governments. They can change direction quickly.
I'm not saying that management hierarchies are necessarily bad at that. I just want to know what's better. In our society, innovation comes when government provides a framework within which people can actually self-organise. Innovation doesn't come from top-down bureaucracy. It comes from individual actors within a system free to pursue whatever makes sense to them locally.
So what do you think is the best way to go about organising that framework in a business?
That's the question we explored when we came up with Holacracy. Holacracy is sometimes misunderstood as any system that has no managers. It's not. It's a specific system that replaces the management hierarchy with a different framework of rules for how we can work together. Our best answer is captured in the Holacracy Constitution. That itself is evolving. It's an open-source system.
Holacracy is sometimes mistaken for a consensus-based system. It's not. The meetings are only used to define authority and boundaries. Kind of like in a society, where you don't have to come to consensus with your neighbours every time you want to take your car and drive it somewhere. Now if you want to take your neighbour's car, you need permission.
There are boundaries. Holacracy brings that into a company. The meetings are used to clarify those boundaries so you know exactly what's yours to lead. Then we don't need to meet about it; you don't need to build buy-in or consensus; you can get whatever input you want and lead.
In a Holacratic organisation, then, the person formerly known as the CEO could conceivably have a huge amount of authority to change the direction of the organisation.
Absolutely, yes they could. They also have limits on that authority. Here's the interesting thing: others have lots of authority too. In my company I know I have a lot of freedom to do whatever makes sense to me, but I know where I need to get someone else's permission. I am the founder, but when I want to make a change on our website, I know that our website manager role has the authority. I can't tell him what to do. I have to pitch him like I'm pitching my boss.
If you want a change on your company's website and you can't persuade your website manager, how is conflict like that dealt with?
The first line of defence is I just go to him and talk to him, and pitch him. ... [Then] I go to what's called a governance meeting, and I think about what I need to expect from him. Not the specific decision but the pattern, the expectations. Maybe I fill a spokesperson role, and I really want to expect our website manager to provide space on the website for me to share my presentations. He still has the autonomy to figure out how to do that, but in that governance process any of his colleagues can propose new expectations for his role. He has a voice in that process, and there's kind of a cool conflict resolution process to sort that out.
What if there's somebody who's just not doing their job very well?
Somebody needs to get someone out of the role if they're not a good fit. That need doesn't magically go away because you have Holacracy in place. So there's another role that is specifically watching for performance. Now, the difference is that role doesn't have the authority to micromanage them and tell them what to do, but they do have the authority to choose the best person for the role, and to make a change if it's needed.
What's a little different is that they're also not firing the person, because in Holacracy people fill many roles. I fill 20-some roles in my company, and somebody might be removing me from one of them, and I might be grateful, right? I might be a terrible fit, and yet a great fit for 19 others.
Holacracy evolved from your previous company, right?
Yeah, it was a software company I started specifically from a hunger to find a better way.
What did you discover there that you thought, "Oh, it's going to work like this," and it totally didn't?
A lot of the ideas I had didn't work out so well. For example, we wanted to make sure that if anyone anywhere in the company had wisdom that it got integrated. We thought, you know, then let's just make sure everybody gets a voice in lots of key decisions. It was disaster. It was more meetings, painful meetings, egos at play.
We tried less structure, which a lot of startups nowadays do. At very small companies I think that can work to a point, but what quickly emerges is some political structure for how power really works, and that's hard to change. It makes it easier for that CEO/founder/whatever to show up and really control everything without looking like it, and it makes it harder to actually grow and scale a business.
We realised that absence of structure is not the answer any more than the bureaucratic structure that we were trying to move past. Holacracy is actually more structured than a typical management hierarchy. It's just a different kind of structure and one that gives you a lot more clarity on who makes decisions and who does what.
Is Zappos the biggest organisation that's doing this?
They're the biggest one that's doing it end-to-end across the whole company.
They've been getting lots of attention, and it's clearly a painful process.
It's a huge change. This isn't something you do in a few months. This is a multiyear journey. But the press reports this Zappos thing as if people walked out up in arms, and that's not what happened at all. Zappos consciously said that if you're not on board with this 100 per cent, we'll give you a huge buyout if you leave now. The amount of people that left probably is not that different than any major reorg, except typically it would be over a year or two after they were initially resisting the process.
What happened to you in your career that made you think, "Dang, we need this?"
An aerospace company I worked at won an award for being the best mid-sized company in America to work for. ... It had phenomenal benefits, great culture, all the stuff you'd expect from a company winning that award. Yet even with all that, I felt like I couldn't use all my talents. I wanted to be creative and contribute, yet I had bosses to satisfy and politics to play to get change enacted, and everything was a little calcified.
That was one of the things. Then I had another experience that just became a metaphor for me. I'm a pilot, and I was flying a plane as a student pilot when my low-voltage light came on. Every other instrument said nothing's wrong, so I ignored it, I kept flying and I nearly crashed the plane. I realised that the low-voltage light is tuned into information no one else has.
When we show up in companies, we become the sensors, the instruments. If we can't use what we sense, or if one person who senses that something's off doesn't have anything they can do with it, we risk crashing the organisation. ... How can we create a company where anyone anywhere in the organisation who senses something that could be improved, can act on it and get meaningful change enacted, without obstacles in the way?
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