Lower incomes driving higher death rate: study

The health divide between the north and south of England is at its widest for 40 years and is claiming the lives of tens of thousands of people before their time, a study has found.

Every year 37,000 people - enough to fill a football stadium - die in the north earlier than their counterparts in the south. But all efforts to narrow the gap have failed.

Premature deaths before the age of 75 are a fifth higher in the north, and the gap has changed little since the 1960s. It even widened between 2000 and 2008, despite government expenditure of £20 billion ($42.8 billion) on initiatives supposed to close it.

The divide has persisted despite large improvements in health in all regions of the country over the past 40 years. Death rates have fallen by 50 per cent in men and 40 per cent in women since 1965, with both the north and south seeing similar reductions. But the north has never caught up with the south and, in the last decade, seems to be slipping further behind.

Researchers warned yesterday that the excess toll of ill health and disability in the north was "decimating [the region] at the rate of one major city every decade".

Iain Buchan, professor of public health informatics at the University of Manchester, who led the study, which was published online in the British Medical Journal, said that genetic, climatic and environmental differences could "in no way" account for the gap.

Rather than pinning the blame on differences in lifestyle such as smoking and drinking, the key factor behind the gap was money, he said. "The counter-intuitive fact is that the behavioural differences we can measure account for just one-fifth of the gap. The difference in smoking, for example, accounts for only 14 per cent [of the northern excess deaths]. But there is a large body of evidence that shows that the amount of disposable income has a much greater effect.

"Social and economic factors are extremely reliable predictors of health. If you put more resources into an area, or take them out, its health will improve or decline."

The health divide mirrors the income disparity between north and south, the researchers say. The "gross value added per head" - a measure of the state of the local economy - was 40 per cent higher in the south than the north in 2008, having risen from 25 per cent in 1989.

The cash people had to spend - their "disposable income" - was more than 26 per cent higher in the south, up from 21 per cent in 1995, even after allowing for the higher cost of living.

Buchan said the failure of the huge injection of funds by the previous Labour Government to close the health gap demonstrated the difficulty of overcoming the social and economic forces driving north and south apart.

"We have to target business development in the north - the south is overworked. The challenge is to have an investment strategy to make the country less London-centric. If we want better health in the north it has to go hand in hand with social and economic change."

THE GREAT DIVIDE

House prices

The value of homes in the south rose last year, led by a 6.3 per cent increase in London. Average prices dipped in the north, with the north-east experiencing a 3.3 per cent fall, according to the Land Registry.

Income

In 2008, average disposable household income was £19,038 ($40,800) in London and £16,792 in the south-east, the Office for National Statistics says. This was against £12,543 in the north-east. London households earned more than 28 per cent over the national average in 2008.

Unemployment

In the 12 months ended June 2010, the highest unemployment rate in Britain was in Kingston-upon-Hull, East Yorkshire, at 14 .1 per cent, followed by Blaenau Gwent, in Wales, at 13.8 per cent.

Shops lying vacant

The Local Data Company described a "large and growing" divide. In 2010, 90 per cent of the top 25 large towns with the highest vacancies were in the Midlands or north. Big shopping centres in London and the south-east were "holding up well".

- Independent