"By contrast, the strength of the bicameral system is its greater deliberation, expertise and legislative oversight. Either system, however, comes at a price. The unicameral system may lack effective oversight of both itself and the executive branch, and the bicameral legislature may witness great gridlock, log-rolling, and buck passing, in addition to less transparency."
The recent political turmoil in the United States clearly indicates that the bicameral, federal system can result in serious political instability.
Recent Australasian evidence demonstrates that New Zealand's unicameral structure is working much better than Australia's bicameral system from both a stability and financial performance point of view. New Zealand has had only three prime ministers since 2000 while Australia has had six and the recent Australian Budget, and next week's NZ Budget, clearly shows that our Government is managing its financial affairs more effectively than the Australian Federal Government.
The concerns raised by the Alexandar, Milligan, Stern and Westen paper about oversight problems with unicameral systems may have been overcome in New Zealand by the checks and balances created by our Mixed-Member Proportional representation (MMP) system.
The Australian Budget, which was released on May 3, shows that the Federal Government is forecasting a deficit of A$37.6 billion for the June 2017 year, its ninth consecutive deficit. The latest deficit equates to 2.1 per cent of GDP compared with a recent deficit high of 4.2 per cent of GDP in 2009-10.
The Federal Government is expecting the deficit to decline to A$29.4b in 2018-19 and to A$21.4b the following year.
Meanwhile, the Federal Government's net debt position has gone from a net surplus of A$38.8b in June 2008 to a net deficit of A$325.1b at the end of next month. Net debt comprises all financial liabilities minus all financial assets of general government.
The June 2017 net debt to GDP ratio is 18.6 per cent, still low by international standards.
One of the obvious conclusions from these figures is that the Australian Government has borrowed its way out of the global financial crisis and this strategy will continue, with its net debt forecast to expand to A$355b by June 2018 and A$375b a year later.
In addition, the six Australian state governments will have a small combined budget deficit for the 2016-17 year and will have total net debt in excess of A$100b at the end of next month.
The Australian Budget was not greeted with great enthusiasm across the Tasman. The ANZ Bank noted: "This is an ambitious Budget that looks to change the game on infrastructure, deliver some measures around fairness while looking to achieve a reasonably credible path back to surplus. It is not without risk, not least in its reliance on increased revenue to close the gap with spending and the continued growth in gross (and net) debt".
Other commentators were highly critical of the additional tax on banks and unwillingness of the Federal Government to initiate major tax reform. The latter is consistent with earlier comments in this column that bicameral systems "may witness great gridlock".
In light of these figures it is not surprising that the Australian business community is becoming increasingly frustrated with the country's political systems and its political leaders.
Government finances are in a far better shape on this side of the Tasman even though the New Zealand Government experienced large budget deficits in 2010-11 and 2011-12, mainly due to the Christchurch earthquakes.
The situation has improved dramatically since then, with the Crown reporting budget surpluses in 2014-15 and 2015-16 and officially forecasting another surplus of $0.5b for the 2016-17 year. This positive trend is expected to continue with the Treasury forecasting a Crown surplus of $3.3b for 2017-18 and $5.4b for the following year.
The outcome may be better than this as demonstrated by the Financial Statements of the Government of New Zealand for the nine months ended March 31. These statements revealed a surplus of $1.47b for the nine-month period, compared with a forecast surplus of $0.15b, and indicate that the 2016-17 year surplus will be closer to $1.8b than the $0.5b forecast.
The better than expected Crown surplus for the nine months to March was due to a number of factors including:
• Crown tax revenue was higher than expected, mainly because corporate tax receipts were $673 million ahead of forecast. Provisional and terminal tax receipts indicate that company profitability remains strong.
• Crown expenses were below budget manly because of "lower than expected impairment of debt and bad debt write-offs for tax receivables".
The higher than expected nine-month surplus has resulted in Crown net debt of $62.0b at the end of the period compared with the June 2017 forecast of $64.4b.
If Crown net debt remains around $62b at the end of the current financial year it will have increased by only $2.1b, from $59.9b, over the past three years. Meanwhile, Australian Government net debt will have surged from A$211.1b to A$325.1b over the same period. The latter figures exclude state net debt.
New Zealand Finance Minister Steven Joyce will present his first Budget next Thursday. He is in a more enviable position than Australian Federal Treasurer Scott Morrison when the latter presented his Budget this month. Joyce identified the following four priorities in his recent pre-Budget speech to the Wellington Chamber of Commerce:
• He wants to deliver better public services for New Zealanders in a growing economy.
• Joyce is planning to build better infrastructure for the country.
• He aims to reduce net debt as a percentage of GDP from 23.8 per cent now to about 20 per cent by 2020.
• The Finance Minster wants to reduce the tax burden on lower and middle income earners but added "when we have the room to do so".
Joyce's only specific hints about next week's Budget were that he would announce how the first tranche of the Government's $23b capital investment programme would be spent and would outline new strategies to reduce the Crown's net debt to GDP ratio to between 10 and 15 per cent by the mid-2020s.
In light of the Crown's strong financial position, and the September 23 election, it would be disappointing if Joyce didn't announce a medium-term strategy to reduce tax on lower and middle income earners.
Brian Gaynor is an executive director of Milford Asset Management.
