His bold plans to create a national sales tax and liberalise key sectors like retail were replaced by small-target wins - cutting red tape for companies, upping foreign investment in defence, and insurance and bank accounts for the poor. It has been a far cry from the liberalising "Reagan-Thatcher" moment banks like BNP Paribas had predicted after Modi's election.
Still, judging purely from results, India's prime minister has been the most impressive of his peers. Just two years ago, India's economy seemed headed for junk status. Today, it is on a path to achieving 8 per cent growth. That could provide Modi with the momentum he needs to pass further reforms and make India one of the world's leading economies.
There's another reason to be optimistic about Modi: his partner in reform at the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan. Unlike the the central bankers of other countries, who have enabled complacent politicians by lowering borrowing costs, Rajan has stayed firm. It's true that the prime minister still needs to take bolder action. For now, though, I'll give him a grade of B.
Abenomics
In December, Prime Minister Abe successfully arranged an early election to win a new mandate for his three-pronged economic revival strategy. Five months on, Abe has carved out plenty of time to tweak defence laws to allow Japanese troops to fight overseas. But he's expended little energy battling Japan's excess of business regulations, retrograde tax code, high trade barriers or impediments to entrepreneurship and increased productivity.
In truth, since taking office two-and-a-half years ago, Abe has only truly fired one of his economic program's three so-called "arrows" - monetary easing. The Bank of Japan has managed to weaken the yen by 30 per cent, which has boosted the Nikkei stock exchange.
But the flight of Abe's second arrow - fiscal expansion - was curtailed prematurely when Tokyo raised sales taxes in April 2014, which triggered a recession and made companies less inclined to raise wages.
Meanwhile, the third and most important arrow - structural reform - has never left the quiver, says Richard Katz of the New York-based Oriental Economist Report. The BOJ's largess, he says, has been a "narcotic to avoid making needed changes." As a result, Abenomics gets a C-, at best.
Xiconomics
Xi has undertaken the most difficult challenge of all: a vast effort to shift China's economy away from excessive investment and exports and toward services. And he has made some progress. By purging corrupt officials, Xi has set a new tone in Beijing. He has also allowed some companies to default and clamped down on excessive borrowing.
But Xi has shown little sign he will tolerate the sort of sharp slowdown that would have to accompany any national economic realignment. What's more, he seems to be emulating the Japanese government's worst habits by papering over the country's most troubling economic cracks.
Xi's plan to address mushrooming China's local-government-debt - which is now larger than the entire German economy - is to have the country's central bank arrange to swap it for fresh loans. That should be called what it is: pretending the problem doesn't exist.
Xi's aggressive censorship campaign suggests he's more interested in taking down personal rivals than purging the Communist Party's worst impulses. And his plans to give markets a "decisive" role in the economy, rein in state-owned enterprises, curb shadow banking and unleash a startup boom are simply too vague to judge. For now I'll give him a C+.
It's not that the past year's events in New Delhi, Tokyo and Beijing don't show some signs of promise. But there's not yet enough tangible progress to justify those governments' outsized reputations for ambition.
William Pesek, a Bloomberg View columnist based in Tokyo, writes on economics, markets and politics in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Bloomberg
