"Companies such as Caterpillar are a litmus test for the global economy especially at a time when the market is concerned about China's economy," Mark Luschini, chief investment strategist at Janney Montgomery Scott in Philadelphia, told Reuters.
Indeed, shares of Dow Chemical sank, last 5.1 percent lower, after Chief Executive Andrew Liveris warned that "China remains a mixed bag."
"A very solid Q2 for us is not necessarily a harbinger of Q3," Liveris said on a post-earnings call, Reuters reported.
On the flipside, shares of General Motors climbed, last 4.2 per cent stronger, after the company reported better-than-expected earnings and margins.
"The first two quarters of the year were strong as we fully capitalised on a robust North American industry and maintained our strength in China, despite the challenging conditions in that market," GM CEO Mary Barra said in a statement.
"We said our goal was to improve our earnings and margins this year, and we are on-plan," Barra noted. "Consistent with that, we believe our results in the second half of the year will be even better than the first half, and we're confident we will meet our 2016 targets."
Under Armour also exceeded expectations, pushing its shares 7.2 per cent higher.
The latest US economic data pointed to strength. Initial claims for state unemployment benefits fell 26,000 to a seasonally adjusted 255,000 for the week ended July 18, the lowest level since 1973. Separately, the Conference Board's leading economic index gained 0.6 per cent in June, following a 0.8 per cent increase in May.
Economists surveyed by Bloomberg put odds on a September Fed rate increase at 50 percent, exactly where they were in June.
The Federal Open Market Committee starts its next two-day meeting on July 28.
In Europe, the Stoxx 600 Index finished the session with a 0.5 per cent drop from the previous close. Germany's DAX dipped 0.1 percent, and the UK's FTSE 100 Index slipped 0.2 percent. France's CAC 40 added 0.1 percent.
Here, shares Credit Suisse jumped 6.2 per cent after the company posted a quarterly profit that surpassed estimates.
Greek financial markets remained closed, though they appear poised to open next week. On Thursday, the Greek parliament approved a second set of measures as part of its bailout accord.