Of course, social media platforms don't exist without their users. Facebook has grown from its origins serving only college students by exploiting the network effect: If all your friends are socializing on the site, it's tempting to join yourself. Over time this network effect has made Facebook not only more valuable, but also harder to leave.
However, now that Facebook and its ilk are under fire, it's possible that those network effects might unravel the other way: Facebook's number of active users continued to rise in 2017, but in the final three months of the year, its growth showed signs of slowing. If all your friends are leaving Facebook, you might go with them.
The design of social media platforms like Facebook – and many other common apps, such as Uber – is intentionally engrossing. Some scholars go so far as to call it "addictive," but we're uncomfortable using the term so broadly in this context. Nevertheless, digital designers manipulate users' behaviour with a wide array of interface elements and interaction strategies, such as nudges and cultivating routines and habits, to keep users' attention.
Attention is at the centre of the social media business model because it's worth money: Media theorist Jonathan Beller has observed that "human attention is productive of value."
Playing tricks on users
To attract users, keep them engaged and ensure they want to come back, companies manipulate the details of visual interfaces and user interaction. For example, the ride-sharing app Uber shows customers phantom cars to trick them into thinking drivers are nearby. The company uses similar psychological tricks when sending drivers text messages encouraging them to stay active.
This manipulation is particularly effective when app developers set default options for users that serve the company's needs. For example, some privacy policies make users opt out of sharing their personal data, while others allow users to opt in. This initial choice affects not only what information users end up disclosing, but also their overall trust in the online platform. Some of the measures announced by Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg in the wake of the Cambridge Analytica revelations – including tools showing users which third parties have access to their personal data – could further complicate the design of the site and discourage users even more.
Frameworks of trust
Was users' trust in Facebook misplaced in the first place? Unfortunately, we think so. Social media companies have never been transparent about what they're up to with users' data. Without full information about what happens to their personal data once it's gathered, we recommend people default to not trusting companies until they're convinced they should. Yet neither regulations nor third-party institutions currently exist to ensure that social media companies are trustworthy.
This is not the first time new technologies created social change that disrupted established mechanisms of trust. For example, in the industrial revolution, new forms of organization like factories, and major demographic shifts from migration, increased contact among strangers and across cultures. That altered established relationships and forced people to do business with unknown merchants.
People could no longer rely on interpersonal trust. Instead, new institutions arose: Regulatory agencies like the Interstate Commerce Commission, trade associations like the American Railway Association, and other third parties like the American Medical Association's Council on Medical Education established systematic rules for transactions, standards for product quality and professional training. They also offered accountability if something went wrong.
A new need for protection
There are not yet similar standards and accountability requirements for 21st-century technologies like social media. In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission is one of the few regulatory bodies working to hold digital platforms to account for business practices that are deceptive or potentially unfair. The FTC is now investigating Facebook over the Cambridge Analytica situation.
There is plenty of demand for more supervision of social media platforms. Several existing proposals could regulate and support trust online.
Other countries have rules, such as the EU's General Data Protection Regulation and Canada's Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. However, in the U.S., technology companies like Facebook have actively blocked and resisted these efforts while policymakers and other tech gurus have convinced people they're not necessary.
Facebook has the technical know-how to give users more control over their private data, but has chosen not to – and that's not surprising. No laws or other institutional rules require it, or provide the necessary oversight to ensure that it does. Until a major social media platform like Facebook is required to reliably and transparently demonstrate that it is protecting the interests of its users – as distinct from its advertising customers – the calls to break the company up and start afresh are only going to grow.
- This article first appeared on The Conversation and has been republished with permission. Denise Anthony is a professor of sociology and Luke Stark is a postdoctoral fellow in sociology. Both authors work at Dartmouth College.
