Earlier this month, at least seven pipeline operators from Energy Transfer Partners to TransCanada said their third-party electronic communications systems were shut down, with five confirming the service disruptions were caused by hacking.
Though the attack didn't disrupt supply, it served to underscore an ongoing vulnerability to electronic sabotage. It showed how even a minor attack can jump between systems with ripple effects, forcing utilities to warn of billing delays and making it more difficult for analysts and traders to predict a key government report on gas stockpiles.
This "cyber blind spot is a real challenge," Walker said. "Our fear is that we will play an ostrich and put our head in the sand until something blows up and people get killed or until the lights go out for a month."
The threat isn't new, but it is escalating.
In 2012, Saudi Aramco production was locked down during the disk-wiping Shamoon incursion, and the company was hit again by the same group in November 2016, said Bill Wright, director of government affairs and policy counsel for Symantec in Washington. In 2015 and 2016, Ukraine was hit with blackouts by state sponsored groups, a blow to the economy as well the healthy and safety of its citizens.
In the US, Symantec has been following another group, nicknamed Dragonfly, that's been around since at least 2011. Last year, the group became "a lot more aggressive," with the goal of soliciting information on how energy companies work and figuring out how to maintain stealth access on their systems, according to Wright.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Homeland Security issued a joint technical analysis about a month ago, tying Dragonfly to the Russian government and describing its ability to conduct sabotage, Wright said.
The low levels of spending by the industry comes as it rushed to adapt new ways to produce more product at a lower cost amid and following a historic, three-year rout in oil prices.
Over the last few years, the industry has been quickly adding electronic sensors and other monitoring capabilities to track data from 900,000 oil and gas wells, and 300,000 miles of pipelines. Complex computer algorithms at every level of the industry are constantly adjusting the flows of everything from oil and natural gas to electrical power, with automatic valves in place that can shut down flow at a moment's notice in the case of an accident with no human action needed.
And all of it is hackable, according to Walker and other experts.
"This equipment is fairly wide open from a security perspective," said Matthew Stegall, director of IT assessments at Precision who performs such assessments for Deloitte & Touche LLP and KPMG LLP. "Companies are starting to more and more look at this. But they are still very much in the infancy stage."
Many of these operations run on separate networks, offering an "air gap" that energy companies often cite as a shield against wider ranging intrusions. But that's also created a false sense of protection, according to Gent Welsh, commander of the 194th Wing of the Washington Air National Guard who's long been involved in developing cybersecurity capabilities.
Making the leap from attacking corporate systems to those involving operations "is not hard at all" for experienced hackers, Welsh said.
Companies are aware of the need protect raw data, but they're often less sophisticated about the need to protect recently computerized systems for operational assets, according to Stegall. "When you get to a discussion on locking down the operations issues, they kind of look like deer caught in the headlight," he said.
Based on analysis developed over 15 years, energy companies that earn US$1 billion (NZ$1.4b) in revenue a year generally spend about $1 million for cybersecurity, Precision found. In comparison, companies within the financial industrial with $1 billion in revenue could spend as much as $3 million. according to the data. Financial services and retailers have been in the limelight for data breaches.
Walker, who works directly with energy executives, said he's found it surprising how many believe the Defense Department or Homeland Security is defending them. They can't, Walker said, because the government lacks the capability, expertise and, importantly, the legal standing to defend civilian assets before they're attacked.
At the same time, companies have avoided allowing real-time access to anyone outside their own organization, "much less to the government," Walker said.
"Our adversaries well know that the soft underbelly of the United States is our critical infrastructure and key resource sectors, from power, to water, to transportation," said Welsh, who has testified in front of Congress on multiple occasions. "What our adversaries are really doing is relentlessly probing for weakness than can be exploited down the road for political, economical, and military gain."
"I dread the day where we can attribute the first loss of human life in this country directly or indirectly to a cyberattack," he said.
It's not just a theory: Welsh had a team prove this vulnerability.
In 2014, the Snohomish County Public Utility teamed up with National Guard cyber operators to test its defense. They were given two weeks. After the meeting adjourned, it took less than 30 minutes to break into a drinking water treatment facility using a phishing email.
The approach to cybersecurity also is affected by the normal separation of departments within individual companies, the experts said. At many companies, IT security typically falls under the purview of the chief information officer while operations security staff report to a different boss, Walker said. The result: a communications gap.
It's not that the companies don't care about security. But the threat is growing exponentially, and companies of all types have has a hard time keeping up.
For instance, there's been a "dramatic rise" in so called supply-chain attacks where a software update itself has been compromised before it's even introduced into a company system, Walker said.
Earlier this year, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission proposed mandatory reliability standards and reporting requirements for supply chain risks, including counterfeits to the insertion of malicious software.
In September, Rep. Derek Kilmer, D-Wash., introduced a bill in Congress to create National Guard Cyber Support Teams in every state and territory.
"Whether or not the industry can self-regulate, I do have my doubts," Stegall said. "But they don't know what they don't know."
