The glitch occurred in after-hours trading after the Nasdaq had closed early ahead of the July 4 holiday and led several stocks to be halted.
The exchange regularly sends out test data in which all shares are reset to $123.47, but the figures never normally make it into live prices on the data providers such as Bloomberg and Reuters on which many financial institutions rely.
Some suggested the early closing of stock exchanges on Monday may have been behind the glitch. Nasdaq said the error was related to "unlisted trading privileges", a right that allows stocks listed on an exchange to be traded elsewhere.
"Nasdaq is investigating the improper use of test data distributed by the UTP [unlisted trading privileges] and consumed by third parties," a spokesman said.
"As part of its normal process, the UTP distributed test data and certain third parties improperly propagated the data. Nasdaq is working with third-party vendors to resolve the matter."
The Nasdaq has seen a number of electronic trading glitches. It was forced to pay $26.5 million (£20.5m) for bugs during Facebook's initial public offering that saw some orders delayed for hours.