But investors didn't panic. The yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note was 2.62 per cent on Sept. 30, a day before the shutdown began. The prospect of a default should have driven the yield much higher. Instead, the yield barely budged. It never rose above 2.73 per cent.
"I think this was a sideshow," says Christoph Kind, head of asset allocation at Germany's Frankfurt-Trust investment firm.
For all the hand-wringing in Washington about a budget crisis, Kind notes that the US government's budget deficit has been sinking.
"The fiscal situation in the US is improving," Kind notes. "The budget deficit is going to be below 4 per cent of (the US economy) this year, and it's declining steadily."
No doubt, the standoff which produced virtually no change in policy dented America's image and its economy at least temporarily. The last-minute deal reopened the government and suspended the debt limit. But it set the stage for another round of brinkmanship early next year. Repeated over time, a succession of crises might do lasting damage.
"We may have dodged a bullet again, but we think these episodes cumulate," says Robert DiClemente, chief US economist at Citigroup. There's a "risk that at some point investors throw up their hands and say, 'This has gone too far."'
Outside the United States, "people are somewhat incredulous about it," says Martin Sorrell, CEO of advertising giant WPP. "Going to the edge of a precipice doesn't make much sense. If you ran a company this way, you'd be out of a job."
In Mumbai, Gayatri Bedi, owner of a photography studio, says it was irresponsible for the world's biggest economy to come so close to a default when the rest of the world depends on US stability.
"In India, we don't have a lot of respect for politicians because of corruption and incompetence," she says. "It seems the US politicians are becoming more like Indian ones."
The research firm IHS Global Insight has lowered its forecast for US economic growth in the October-December quarter to a glacial 1.6 per cent annual rate from 2.2 per cent.
The crisis also distracted US policymakers. Obama, who has been trying to focus US foreign policy on China's rising economic might and other issues in Asia, was forced to skip a regional economic summit in Indonesia.
Congress has yet to make progress on issues important to businesses: immigration reform, an overhaul of corporate tax rates, a long-term deal to shrink budget debts.
"The drama sucks the oxygen from the room," says Nancy McLernon, president of the Organization for International Investment, which represents foreign companies doing business in America.
Still, McLernon says the political dysfunction hasn't made America any less of an attractive market for foreign companies. When she attended a meeting in Britain early this month, most of the British executives there dismissed the standoff as political theatre.
Kind, the German investment executive, notes that "the asset quality of Treasurys is unchanged."
The US dollar and Treasurys continue to benefit from a lack of competition, too. Some investors have been trying to diversify away from US dollars by buying euros, Japanese yen or Chinese yuan.
"But all of them have got some significant structural problems," says Michael Every, Rabobank's head of Asia Pacific financial markets research. "The nearest direct equivalent is Europe or the euro, and we know how close they are to crisis on a constant basis."
With the dollar, "you can basically trade it with anyone anywhere and buy and sell a very wide variety of assets with minimal spread and low transaction fees at a moment's notice," Every says. "You can't do the same with the yuan" because China controls trading in its currency.
British consultant Simon Anholt conducts global surveys that consistently show the United States remains the world's most-admired country. He says he doubts the political tussle will do any measurable damage to America's image.
"America is the most-admired country on the planet by a very wide margin," Anholt says. Foreigners "like American culture. They like American products."
He notes that the United States dropped to No. 7 worldwide after the US invasion of Iraq. When President George W. Bush left office in 2009, it quickly bounced back to first place.
Anholt doubts that ay US political crisis will change things.
"We tend to go through our lives with very fixed, sometimes childish clichs about other countries," he says. "We don't change them unless we are forced to."
US politicians have "been trying very hard" to ruin America's reputation, he says, "and they haven't done it yet."
