Fonterra has faced intense investor scrutiny this year.
The dairy giant hasn't delivered on expectations, writes industry observer Tony Baldwin*. After 17 years, it's time for a fresh look and a new direction.
COMMENT: What's happening with Fonterra? Yet another year of awful headlines.
Underlying profit has fallen two years in a row for a combined $456 million loss. Over half its $750m investment in BeingMate, a Chinese infant nutrition company, has been written off. More writedowns may follow.
Add this to the $200m that Fonterra wiped out in its previous Chinese infant nutrition investment. Some other overseas assets are also likely to be in poor health.
To top it off, Fonterra last year had to pay $183m in compensation for its botulism scare.
In short, Fonterra has destroyed a whole lot of value.
Not surprisingly, key players in the capital markets describe it as "a huge disappointment", stressing that Fonterra "needs to show a strong outlook to regain confidence".
Fonterra's diagnosis and action plan
Taking risks and incurring some failures is the essence of any business. Fonterra is not the first major New Zealand company to bomb in overseas investments. What counts is how well it learns and adapts.
So what's gone wrong? Fonterra puts it down to poor forecasting, high butter prices, a high cost of raw milk and high operating expenses.
Their plan to put it right? Move another long-standing director into the role of chairman, get a new CEO, promise better forecasting and stricter discipline around costs, and review asset performance.
Yet Fonterra's leadership still says: "Fundamentally, the strategy doesn't change". And "the strategy in a nutshell is delivery".
Voices at the margin have again raised the idea of separating their consumer business into a separate company controlled by Fonterra but allowing outside capital. However, it is clear that the centre of gravity of farmer opinion continues to strongly favour keeping Fonterra together as a vertically-integrated farmer-only co-operative, a model described by their new chairman as having "served us well for 18 years".
The chair of Fonterra's Shareholders' Council weighs in more strongly: "the co-operative has been around for 145 years in some form or another, which speaks volumes for the enduring nature of the co-operative model and the responsibility to ensure this remains for future generations".
A change that Fonterra is pushing is to end its obligations to supply raw milk to competitors and accept milk from new farmer-shareholders. (More on that shortly).
In summary then, Fonterra's diagnosis is – right model, right strategy, poor execution. And we need to ease regulations that help competition.
Deeper failure
Fonterra CFO Marc Rivers, Chairman John Monaghan and CEO Miles Hurrell face the media in September after announcing a net loss of $196 million. Photo / File
Stronger disciplines around costs and assets would certainly make a difference for Fonterra. Better execution would help too. But these are only partial fixes.
The deeper problem is that Fonterra has fundamentally failed to achieve the objectives for which it was established 17 years ago. Worse, it has failed to generate any real growth in value for its suppliers or shareholders.
In any other industry, creating a near-monopoly by special legislation would be rejected out of hand as contrary to basic norms on how to grow a country's wealth and improve productivity.
But Fonterra was given special treatment because it was going to achieve special things only possible as a near-monopoly – or, as Fonterra likes see itself, as New Zealand's "national champion" in world dairy.
Fonterra's formation was heralded as a key move in the country's economic transformation. "For too long New Zealand has been trying to sustain First World living standards on the back of Third World exports. That does not add up," Prime Minister Helen Clark told Parliament in 2001.
Instead of simply producing more dairy commodities, Fonterra was to generate a huge amount of new revenue from new products in pharmaceuticals, health food and specialised ingredients. These new revenues were to rise to double the value of traditional commodity sales in a massive 10-year step-change.
Seventeen years down the track, did the special treatment deliver special results? Sadly not. Mainly, Fonterra has continued on the industry's pre-existing trajectory of producing ever larger volumes of dairy commodities, especially whole milk powder which has more than doubled in production since 2001.
Instead of 15 per cent revenue growth per year, it has achieved less than 2.5 per cent per year over the last 17 years, as reported by TDB Advisory, who also calculate that normalised earnings increased by just 0.6 per cent year-on-year.
Only four years ago, Fonterra forecast additional earnings of $15 billion within three years from its $750m investment in BeingMate. However, as First NZ Capital reports, there has been no growth in cashflows or earnings since 2012.
Instead of growing shareholders' equity by $20b in its first 10 years, Fonterra has added just $3b over 17 years, and most of that came from farmers buying more Fonterra shares so they could supply more milk.
Since 2012, shareholders' equity has been barely increased. In the same period, net debt has increased 63per cent.
In short, despite large investments by Fonterra, the only meaningful growth has been in increased volumes of milk.
Underlying forces
Fonterra puts some of its failings down to poor forecasting, high butter prices, a high cost of raw milk and high operating expenses. Photo / Getty Images
The dominant force driving Fonterra has not been a strategy of transformation, but rather a seismic shift in land use.
Since 1990, nearly a million hectares of sheep and beef land has been converted to dairying, bringing with it nearly 2.5 million additional cows, with 20 per cent more cows per hectare, and each cow now producing nearly 50 per cent more milk on average.
The result has been a tidal wave of extra milk, nearly all of which has to be exported.
Despite decades of strategy hype about "moving up the value chain", the reality is that Fonterra has been driven not by what consumers demand but rather by what its suppliers push.
Fonterra's crux role as a producer co-operative is to serve its supplier-shareholders. This imperative, which dwarfs the rest, requires Fonterra to pour large sums of scarce capital into new factories to process that white tidal wave. By default, most of the milk is turned into commodities, especially whole-milk powder.
While Fonterra likes to think of itself as also being a multinational marketing company and an international capital investor, at its core, it is an extension of its members' farms — a club in which farmers jointly own plant to provide shared services that they can't afford individually.
So how has the average Fonterra dairy farmer fared? The average price received for his or her milk has barely increased in real terms since Fonterra was formed 17 years ago. Their shares in Fonterra are worth only 28 per cent more than in 2001, while over the same period the NZX50 index (and predecessors) has increased by more than 400 per cent.
Over the last 10 years, while production on the average farm increased by 40 per cent, term borrowings have nearly doubled. Annual return on assets has averaged just 5.7 per cent (this includes changes in capital value, which averaged 1.4 per cent per year). Over the same 10-year period, average return on equity for the average farmer was just 5.6 per cent (which includes changes in capital value).
Put simply, the return delivered by Fonterra on the special treatment it received from Parliament has been less than ordinary.
For the environment, the costs have yet to be fully counted or compensated.
Crux of the problem
Profit has fallen two years in a row for a combined $456 million loss. Photo / Bloomberg
The crux of the problem remains the same as when Fonterra was formed 17 years ago – namely, the serious mismatch between Fonterra's aspirations and strategy (on the one hand) and its capability, resources and shareholders' structural requirements (on the other).
It aspires to be an innovative, agile, consumer-driven business with access to large amounts of capital to fund higher margin products and brands in higher value markets around the world, and to invest in complementary businesses.
But it can only do this from a producer-driven, capital constrained, relatively inflexible platform bounded by deeply entrenched requirements from farmers in relation to structure – namely, a farmer-only co-operative, with no outside share capital, paying out most of its earnings, processing all members' milk, with a single national milk price set at the end of the season, with nationally averaged collection costs, operating as a near-monopoly within New Zealand.
In short, it's an oxymoron – a tangled knot of contradictions and wishful thinking. Like a weightlifter pretending that he or she can be a great pole-vaulter.
This is not (and never has been) an anti-co-operative stance. Dairy co-operatives are well adapted to certain purposes. With their focus on shifting large volumes of milk for supplier-shareholders, they tend to dominate milk collection and dairy commodity markets around the world. However, when products become highly differentiated and performance centres on capital rather than members' milk, dairy co-operatives are less well adapted.
Their difficulties in retaining funds (paying out too much to members) and in finding a structure that allows innovation and access to outside capital, have been well known among experts for many years. Back in 1999, Bengt Holmstrom, co-winner of the 2016 Nobel Prize in economics, observed that co-operatives are "disadvantaged in the innovation race".
What to do?
The simple answer is for Fonterra to adjust its aspirations and strategy to properly reflect its capability, structure and resources, or vice-versa, or both.
Common to all options is the need for Fonterra and its suppliers to be driven by profitability, not volume, with a higher standard of disclosure and performance monitoring.
The key options include:
1. Better execution of current strategy. Continue with the current structure and scope of business, but put in place internal measures to make forecasting more accurate, discard or rectify poorly performing investments, improve disciplines around decision-making and monitoring, and somehow do better at executing the current strategy.
2. Trim to the core and simplify. Keep the things Fonterra is good at and trim the rest. The resulting core must then become a very efficient low overhead machine, simplified around commodities and certain ingredients made from New Zealand milk, with a focus on delivering proper returns on investment.
Keep in mind that large volumes are not essential to do commodities well. TDB Advisory analysis indicates that Open Country Dairy, a mainly commodity processor with just 7 per cent of the market, is well ahead of Fonterra in cost efficiency. The Australian Productivity Commission has highlighted that the benefits of size and scale are not necessarily greater than its costs.
Other improvements under this option include much better milk price signals, a variety of risk management options for suppliers, separating returns on processing from the milk price, more flexibility for farmers on how many shares they have to hold relative to milk volume supplied, strengthening Fonterra's balance sheet, and creating a proper wholesale milk market.
3. Separate company for non-core business. Parcel up the non-core parts of Fonterra (which includes the higher risk, capital-thirsty consumer business) into a separate company controlled by Fonterra with access to non-farmer equity. Farmers could choose whether to hold shares or instead put their capital into other assets.
At present, farmers have no choice on whether their Fonterra capital is invested outside the core, which makes it relatively "soft" money for Fonterra. This structure was proposed 20 years ago by by industry leaders who were, in effect, overthrown.
4. Split into two or more co-operatives. Given farmers' aversion to outsiders, an alternative would be to split Fonterra into two or more separate co-operatives owned by New Zealand dairy farmers. Most of the special rules and regulations now in place to guard against Fonterra's highly dominant position in New Zealand would cease. A proper wholesale milk market among competitors could be fostered.
After an extended transitional period of sharing brands and various services, each co-operative would become independent of the other, free to pursue separate strategies and growth structures. As economist Tim Harford highlights, adapting to a complex, changeable world is best achieved by a multiplicity of experiments from many different players.
5. List on the stock exchange. If the preference is to not separate Fonterra's core from its non-core businesses, but to still bring in more capital, flexibility and external monitoring, another alternative would be to turn Fonterra into a public company where the controlling stake is held by dairy farmers (through a co-operative) with the balance of shares sold to the public. This concept was proposed by Fonterra's board in 2007 but rejected by dairy farmers.
Kerry PLC in Ireland is often cited as a model. On listing in 1986, the diary co-operative's 51 per cent stake was worth €40m. Today, its holding (now around 14 per cent) is worth around €2300m – and the co-operative is still the largest shareholder by far. (In listed companies with widely held shares, effective control is achieved well below 51 per cent).
Kerry is now a diversified multinational food business. Its change in trajectory from traditional dairy co-operative was triggered by a bovine disease crisis and a major philosophical re-think.
No such re-thinking on planet Fonterra. Despite its fundamental non-performance, Fonterra's preferred option is still largely the current structure and strategy "with better execution" (option 1 above), plus a relaxation of Government rules designed to counter Fonterra's high market dominance in New Zealand.
Relaxation of pro-competition rules
Fonterra CEO Miles Hurrell. Photo / File
In particular, Fonterra wants an end to the rules that allow any farmer to become a member of Fonterra and supply milk, and also to end (or at least soften) the rules that require Fonterra to supply certain amounts of milk to competitors.
Fonterra has argued that the open entry and exit rules drive it down the commodities path. In 2016, the Commerce Commission rejected this claim, finding that Fonterra's volume push comes not from the rules, but from two drivers of Fonterra's own making: its incentives to maintain and grow its co-operative base; and its strategy for rapid and large growth in milk volumes. In 2016, Fonterra's strategy called for an additional 8 billion litres of New Zealand milk (about a 38 per cent increase).
Fonterra is also concerned about its loss of market share. Since it began, Fonterra's share of the national raw milk market has fallen by 14 per cent, even though total milk production in New Zealand has increased by 61 per cent in the same period.
Indeed, Fonterra has had no material growth in milk supply from New Zealand over the last six years, yet it still aspires to significantly grow its volume, even though New Zealand production has flattened.
As our "national champion" in world dairy markets, Fonterra expects to remain highly dominant in New Zealand, so it wants the Government to change the rules to make it harder for farmers to switch and harder for competitors to grow. That would be a mistake. The right response would be for Fonterra to deliver better performance so that farmers prefer to supply Fonterra over its competitors.
Who decides?
There are two decision-makers. How Fonterra runs its business is for its 10,000 farmer-shareholders to decide.
However, the regulatory constraints within which Fonterra operates are for the Government to decide. Not surprisingly, the interface between the two is blurred in politics.
Fonterra is poorly adapted to its purpose. It is time for its members and Government to shed deeply ingrained beliefs and look at things with a more open mind.
Fonterra did not achieve "critical mass" to take on the big players in higher value markets. Overseas prices would not be lower with competing exporters from New Zealand. Investor-owned dairy companies have not (now or in New Zealand's history) exploited dairy farmers (quite the opposite, in fact). Effective control does not require 100 per cent ownership.
Based on 17 years of evidence, it is objectively fair to say that, in its current form, the Fonterra experiment has failed. The gradual emergence of a few relatively small competitors is of course a positive, but Fonterra's legislated dominance continues more than 100 years of suppressing diversity and experimentation in how to best capture value beyond the farm gate, to the significant cost of the New Zealand economy.
If keeping co-operatives is key, option 4 should be considered with an open mind.
• Read more: For further information on alternative structures, key issues and how history is constraining Fonterra's future, go to Tony Baldwin's website
*Tony Baldwin is an adviser who has worked with a wide range of corporates and public sector organisations. He was the leader of the Government project team responsible for facilitating the deregulation of New Zealand's nine producer boards in 1999.
