This explosion traces back to an unintended consequence of a change in the tax code while Bill Clinton was president, putting limits on how much executive compensation was deductible against corporate earnings.
But the cap only applied to cash pay, not stock grants. This turned into a penalty-free way to give outsized pay packages to executives. Thus, stock compensation has become an ever-larger proportion of executive pay at public companies.
Recent research has looked into several factors on this topic, including short-termism, performance pay and stock-based compensation. Let's consider all three.
We all assume that executives, like everyone else, respond to incentives. Part of the idea behind stock options was to resolve the so-called principal-agency problem, in this case, when executives can make decisions that affect shareholders.
As stock-market index provider MSCI Inc. noted: "In theory, such rewards were intended to convert these corporate agents into corporate principals, and thus ensure the alignment of their personal interests with those of the company's shareholders."
However, it's not clear that stock grants reconcile the mismatch between executive actions that yield short-term stock gains versus strategies that raise revenues and profits over the long haul.
It may be comforting to blame short-termism, but validating that hunch is tricky. For example, a 2004 survey of executives found that "a surprising 78 per cent of our sample admits to sacrificing long-term value to smooth earnings." But that is just a survey, which is a good way to discover what people may believe, but not what they actually do.
Hard data confirming this sort of short-term behavior has been difficult to find. A recent paper in the Review of Financial Studies did identify a strong correlation between "CEO's concerns for the current stock price to reductions in real investment."
But as the authors themselves noted, "it's extremely hard to document causation rather than simply correlation."
The authors' solution is that compensation reform should focus not on the level of pay, but instead on the horizon of pay. Big stock-option payouts should be tied to corporate success over longer periods of time -- years instead of quarters -- even after the CEO has retired.
Back to that evaluation of equity incentives for executives performed by MSCI. Using a sample set of 429 large U.S. companies from 2006 to 2015, the study concluded that "Companies that awarded their Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) higher equity incentives had below-median returns."
Even more damning, 10-year cumulative returns found that companies that had below median total executive pay outperformed those above the median by as much as 39 per cent. The correlation, according to MSCI, is definitely there. Showing causation is another issue.
Perhaps the biggest concern for shareholders is how we compensate public CEOs in America: they get paid not for how well their companies do, but for how well the stock market does.
As we noted in 2016, the factors that go into how well a company's stock perform are often things beyond the control of even the most talented manager. These include the state of the economy, Federal Reserve policy, industry trends, bull-and-bear stock-market cycles, inflation and the quality of the management team among other things.
Being a talented executive is good, but being lucky is even better. All but the most incompetent executives who have served as CEOs since mid-2009 have seen their company share prices soar. U.S stock markets plunged 57 per cent during the financial crisis and the rebound that followed was inevitably going to provide a powerful tail wind to almost all stock prices.
But it raises the question: Why are executives reaping such large rewards for a stock-market recovery that isn't of their making? How does this benefit either the company or its shareholders?
Share price may be the worst way to judge an executive's performance, yet that's the convention we seem to have settled on in the U.S.
This might be fine if it were matched by a countervailing effort to assign blame to top executives when a recession or financial crisis dragged down share prices and cost investors trillions in wealth. But this is a one-way ecosystem, in which CEOs reap credit while rarely getting blame.
It's a terrible waste of shareholder dollars. We can and should be able to do better.
- Ritholtz is a Bloomberg View columnist. He founded Ritholtz Wealth Management and was chief executive and director of equity research at FusionIQ, a quantitative research firm. He blogs at the Big Picture and is the author of "Bailout Nation: How Greed and Easy Money Corrupted Wall Street and Shook the World Economy."
