To security officials, the technology is a powerful safeguard. Major data breaches are a near-daily occurrence. Cyberthieves have obtained billions of passwords and other sensitive personal information, which can be used to steal from customers' bank and shopping accounts and fraudulently open new ones.
"Identity is the ultimate digital currency and it's being weaponised at an industrial scale," said Alisdair Faulkner, one of the founders of ThreatMetrix, which makes fraud detection software for large merchants and financial companies. Many of his company's customers are now using or testing behavioral biometric tools, he said.
Privacy advocates view the biometric tools as potentially troubling, partly because few companies disclose to users when and how their taps and swipes are being tracked.
"What we have seen across the board with technology is that the more data that's collected by companies, the more they will try to find uses for that data," said Jennifer Lynch, a senior lawyer for the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
"It's a very small leap from using this to detect fraud to using this to learn very private information about you."
The Royal Bank of Scotland, one of the few banks that will talk publicly about its collection of biometric behavioral data, started testing the technology two years ago on private banking accounts for wealthy customers. It is now expanding the system to all of its 18.7 million business and retail accounts, according to Kevin Hanley, the bank's director of innovation.
When clients log in to their Royal Bank of Scotland accounts, software begins recording more than 2,000 different interactive gestures.
On phones, it measures the angle at which people hold their devices, the fingers they use to swipe and tap, the pressure they apply and how quickly they scroll. On a computer, the software records the rhythm of their keystrokes and the way they wiggle their mouse.
RBS is using software designed by a small New York company called BioCatch. It builds a profile on each person's gestures, which is then compared against the customer's movements every time they return. The system can detect impostors with 99 per cent accuracy, BioCatch says.
A few months ago, the software picked up unusual signals coming from one wealthy customer's account. After logging in, the visitor used the mouse's scroll wheel — something the customer had never done before. Then the visitor typed on the numerical strip at the top of a keyboard, not the side number pad the customer typically used.
Alarm bells went off. The RBS system blocked any cash from leaving the customer's account. An investigation later found that the account had been hacked, Hanley said.
"Someone was trying to set up a new payee and transfer a seven-figure sum," he said. "We were able to intervene in real time and stop that from happening."
That case was unusually blatant. A user's behavior isn't constant; people act differently when they are tired, injured, drunk, distracted or in a hurry. The way people type at an office desk is distinct from when they are slumped on their sofa at home.
Behavioural monitoring software churns through thousands of elements to calculate a probability-based guess about whether a person is who they claim. Two major advances have fed its growing use: the availability of cheap computing power and the sophisticated array of sensors now built into most smartphones.
The system's unobtrusiveness is part of its appeal, Hanley said. Traditional physical biometrics, like fingerprints or irises, require special scanning hardware for authentication. But behavioral traits can be captured in the background, without customers doing anything to sign up.
BioCatch occasionally tries to elicit a reaction. It can speed up the selection wheel you use to enter data like dates and times on your phone, or make your mouse cursor disappear for a fraction of a second.
"Everyone reacts a little differently to that," said Frances Zelazny, BioCatch's chief strategy and marketing officer.
"Some people move the mouse side to side; some people move it up and down. Some bang on the keyboard."
Because your reaction is so individual, it is hard for a fraudulent user to fake. And because customers never know the monitoring technology is there, it does not impose the kind of visible, and irritating, roadblocks that typically accompany security tests. You do not need to press your thumb on your phone's fingerprint reader or type in an authentication code.
"We don't have to sit people down in a room and get them to type under perfect laboratory conditions," said Neil Costigan, chief executive of BehavioSec, a Palo Alto, California, company that makes software used by many Nordic banks.
"You just watch them, silently, while they go about their normal account activities."
Businesses call that a "frictionless" experience. Privacy watchdogs call it dangerous.
Biometric systems can sometimes detect medical conditions. If a customer with a once-steady hand develops a tremor, her automobile insurance company might get worried. That is potentially a problem if the customer's bank, which detected the tremor through its security software, is also her insurer.
"This is the kind of data that usually has some kind of consumer protections around it, but here there's none at all," said Pam Dixon, the executive director of the World Privacy Forum. "Companies are using these systems with no notice of any kind."
In most countries, there are no laws governing the collection and use of biometric behavioral data.
Even Europe's new privacy rules have exemptions for security and fraud prevention. A new digital privacy law in California includes behavioral biometrics on the list of tracking technologies companies must disclose if they collect, but it does not take effect until 2020.
Banks and merchants sometimes store their customers' biometric data internally. In many cases, though, they allow the outside vendors they work with to hold it. That magnifies the risks, Dixon said.
BioCatch has profiles on about 70 million individuals and monitors six billion transactions a month, according to Zelazny, the company's strategy executive. American Express, an investor in BioCatch, recently began using its technology on new account applications.
Some of BioCatch's rivals have even larger networks. Forter, a New York startup that sells online fraud detection software incorporating behavioral biometrics to big retailers, said its database has records on 175 million people from more than 180 countries. Another competitor, NuData, was acquired last year by Mastercard.
(c) 2018 The New York Times
