And in the face of this repression, the 49 Muslim-majority countries of the world have said almost nothing.
Malaysia refused to send a dozen Uighur refugees back to China last year, four members of Kuwait's parliament made a public protest in January, and Turkey loudly condemned China's behaviour last month, but the other 46 governments have assiduously avoided the issue. It is very strange.
When Turkey finally did cut loose, foreign ministry spokesman Hami Aksoy said: "It is no longer a secret that more than a million Uighur Turks exposed to arbitrary arrests are subjected to torture and political brainwashing" in Chinese prisons...."The reintroduction of concentration camps in the 21st century and the systematic assimilation policy of Chinese authorities against the Uighur Turks is a great embarrassment for humanity."
But even then, other Muslim countries remained silent. With the honourable exception of Al-Jazeera, the issue is rarely even mentioned in the Arab media, and popular awareness of what is happening is minimal in big Muslim countries like Iran, Pakistan and Indonesia. Why?
It's true that the mass repression of the Uighurs and other Muslims in China only became known abroad in the past year, although it was already state policy at least two years ago.
It's true, too, that a lot of the evidence is circumstantial. While there are plenty of first-person reports of the brutal treatment of the Uighurs, for example, the estimates of how many are actually imprisoned – "up to a million", which would be one-tenth of all the Muslims in Xinjiang – are really estimates of how many the camps could hold, based on satellite observations of their size.
China denies both the scale and the purpose of the repression. These camps, it says, are "vocational training centres" that tackle "extremism" through "thought transformation" (what used to be called "brainwashing", an old political tradition in Communist China).
The detainees are held indefinitely – there are no formal charges or sentences, but hardly anybody has been released in the past couple of years – and are allegedly volunteers.
They are "trainees", said the top Chinese official in Xinjiang, Shohrat Zakir, last October, who are grateful for the opportunity to "reflect on their mistakes".
Shohrat Zakir is obviously a Muslim name: as always, there are collaborators and careerists among the oppressed. But it is a classic late colonial situation, with a Communist twist.
The population of Xinjiang was over 90 per cent Muslim and Turkic-speaking when the new Communist regime in China reconquered the region in 1949.
Beijing's original solution, as in Tibet to the south, was to drown the native population in Han Chinese immigrants: Muslims are now only 45 per cent of the population.
When the inevitable push-back came – anti-Chinese race riots and some terrorist attacks – the Chinese regime responded with intense surveillance and repression of the native population.
Part of the package was an attempt to curb Islamic observance and the use of the local Turkic language. And when that wasn't producing the desired result, Beijing began expanding the "re-education centres" that now hold up to a tenth of the Muslim population.
There is nothing surprising in all this. Assimilation to the Han Chinese norm was the policy of all Chinese governments even before the Communist takeover. What is surprising is the response – or rather, the lack of response – of Muslim governments elsewhere.
Why are they silent? Mainly because China is lavishing loans and grants on them: $20 billion in loans to Arab countries, a rumoured $6 billion to Pakistan, even more to the nearby Muslim countries of Central Asia ($27 billion in joint industrial projects in Kazakhstan alone). They need the money, so they shut up. So do their tame media.
When the de facto dictator of Saudi Arabia, Prince Mohammed bin Salman, visited
China recently, he endorsed China's right to take "anti-terrorism" and "de-extremism" measures in Xinjiang. Of course, he needs China's support in fighting off the accusations that he ordered the murder of Jamal Khashoggi even more than he needs the money.
Xinjiang's Muslims have been abandoned by the "umma", the world community of Muslims. They are on their own, and they are suffering.
Gwynne Dyer's new book is 'Growing Pains: The Future of Democracy (and Work)'.
