Xi Jinping no doubt believes he is the indispensable man for China’s modernisation, but the cemeteris are full of indispensable men.
Xi Jinping no doubt believes he is the indispensable man for China’s modernisation, but the cemeteris are full of indispensable men.
Last Tuesday the Chinese Communist Party's Central Committee approved a proposal that the country's president no longer be limited to two five-year terms of office. On Thursday the National People's Congress rubber-stamped the change. And that means the end of three decades of consensus-seeking collective leadership in the CCP. The god-king model is back.
President Xi Jinping has spent his first five-year term eliminating all his powerful rivals (generally on corruption charges), and now his victory is being enshrined by a change in the constitution.
The change does not mean "that the Chinese president will have a lifelong tenure," said an editorial in the state-owned Global Times. But the paper also quoted Su Wei, a prominent Communist Party intellectual, who said China needed a "stable, strong and consistent leadership" from 2020-2035. No need to wonder who that might be, although Xi Jinping would be 82 by 2035.
Being president-for-life certainly wasn't a good idea for former Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, who was also effectively in power for life. In his case that was 18 years. It became known as the "era of stagnation", and only seven years after Brezhnev died in 1982 the whole Communist empire in eastern Europe collapsed.
Alerted to the danger of leaving somebody in power too long by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Chinese Communist Party has kept its leaders on a short leash since the early 1990s. They got two five-year terms, no more, and they had to keep the support of other members of the Central Committee or it might even be just one term.
It has worked pretty well, as dictatorships go. There have been no more maniacs in power like Mao Zedong with his crazy Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, which killed millions and cost the country two decades of economic growth. During the past quarter-century of cautious, consensus-based politics, China's economy has grown about tenfold.
That pace of growth cannot continue, no matter who is in power, but it is very important for the party's survival that the economy does continue to grow. There is certainly no evidence that one-man rule will provide that growth better than the existing system, so why (presuming that he is a loyal Communist) has Xi decided to overthrow it?
Mere personal ambition is one obvious possibility, but there is probably more to it than that. Xi's father was Communist royalty – one of the founders of the party, and at one time its General Secretary – and he himself was a "princeling" who spent his early years in very comfortable circumstances. Then in 1966, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution.
Xi's father was expelled from the Party and publicly humiliated. He himself was sent to the countryside at the age of 15 to "learn from the peasants", and ended up in a work camp digging ditches. For some years he actually lived in a cave (although it had a door). But he survived, and he was eventually to allowed to join the Party, move back to the city, and go to university.
It all left a lasting impression on the young Xi. He knew that working hard, keeping your nose clean, and even rising to high rank cannot protect you in an essentially lawless one-party state if party politics take the wrong turn. So he really only had two choices: work to change the party into a law-abiding entity (which is probably impossible), or take control of the party and keep it forever.
He has chosen the latter course, and in terms of protecting himself, it is probably the right choice. "I think he will become emperor for life and the Mao Zedong of the 21st century," said Willy Lam, former Hong Kong democratic politician and now politics professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. And that is precisely the problem.
Xi no doubt justifies his actions to himself by believing that he is the indispensable man for China's modernisation, but the cemeteries are full of indispensable men. The longer you are in power, the more poor, or at least sub-optimal, decisions you make – and when the passage of time makes the mistakes obvious, you are obliged to defend them, although a successor could just drop them and move on.
Xi is not likely to "do a Mao" and unleash chaos in China. He is intelligent and he works hard. But the mistakes will accumulate nevertheless, and stagnation awaits.
Gwynne Dyer
Gwynne Dyer is an independent journalist whose articles are published in 45 countries.
