The cabbage tree - symbol of rugged bush and swamp to Kiwis - is an exotic palm of upmarket gardens to people in the south of England.
Wellington photographer Wayne Barrar was amazed when he arrived for a three-month fellowship at the University of Plymouth in March to see the humble cabbage tree, Cordyline australis or ti kouka, treated completely differently and in different settings.
They were street trees, the star turns of Italian gardens. They were in pots, in traffic islands, shorn and pollarded, "liberated from their indigenous roots". They were even becoming a problem by seeding copiously in London.
Devon and Cornwall are marketed as "the English Riviera". They are warmer than the rest of England and cabbage trees are their official logo, known variously as Torbay, Manx and Cornish palms.
Barrar has been investigating landscape for 30 years and was well aware of the flood of European plants into New Zealand since colonial times. Seeing cabbage trees in England was colonisation in reverse, he thought.